Cybersecurity Challenges in Blockchain Technology: A Scoping Review

Table 1

Classification of cybersecurity attacks in BCT.

Classification of cybersecurity challenges in BCT	Themes identified	Literature references from sample research studies
Malleability attacks	Network hacks	[1–6, 11, 17–19, 25–55]
	Server breaches
	Cloud platform hacks
	Illegal transactions
	Tracking issues
	Changing system parameters
	Lacking computation efficiency
	Censorship and criminal attacks
	Proof of authority (POA attacks)
	Wiretapping
	Denial of service (DoS attacks)
	Distributed denial of service (DDoS attacks)
	Man in the middle (MitM) or Sybil attack
Double-spending attacks	Selfish mining	[4, 17–19, 26, 39, 42, 46, 47, 49, 56, 57]
	Stolen cryptocurrency
	Race attacks
51% attacks	Controlling network’s mining hash rate	[4, 17–19, 26, 28, 35, 39, 46–49, 55, 56, 58–60]
	Goldfinger
Wallet security attacks	Hacking user passwords and software bugs	[2, 4, 18, 19, 26, 27, 32, 34, 35, 40, 43, 46, 51, 52, 56, 61, 62]
	Phishing
	Private key security attacks
	Information stealing, date breaches, and losses
	Information manipulation and authentication issues
Smart contract loophole attacks	Poor access management on smart contract	[2, 4, 18, 19, 29–31, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 51, 54, 57, 63]
	Smart contract code error/application vulnerability
	Smart contract manipulation and flaws
	Code-based attacks
System error attacks	Lack of integration and maintenance systems	[1, 5, 6, 26–28, 37, 43, 60, 63–65]
	Interoperability issues
	Delays in time-sensitive transactions