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| Barrier in IRT | Identified themes | Item of concern |
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| Tradition barrier | Old habit in viewing digital payment | (i) Many respondents are more comfortable transacting directly |
| Switching cost | (ii) Payment using digital media requires additional effort |
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| Value barrier | Relative advantage | (i) The use of digital payments can be used anytime and anywhere
(ii) It has many more features and advantages |
| Incentive | (i) Cashback offers or specific promos can increase the value of digital payment service providers |
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| Risk barrier | Perceived security | (i) There is a possibility of losing financial data
(ii) There is a misuse of personal data, for example, users are continuously sent promos |
| Reliance on a digital payment | (i) The occurrence of technical problems
(ii) Bad connection
(iii) The risk of the smartphone being lost, damaged, or borrowed |
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| Usage barrier | SME adoption | (i) Most digital payment adoptions are pretty broad in scope
(ii) There are still merchants who use digital payments only for specific needs
(iii) The majority are used in daily business life |
| Digital payment knowledge | (i) Almost all respondents are familiar with digital payment
(ii) There is a difference in knowledge, especially for traders who are over 50 years old
(iii) The majority have understood the functions and facilities of digital payments |
| Fragmentation | (iv) Most merchants have three different types of digital payments
(v) Some traders do not want to use more than one because they do not want to find it difficult |
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| Image barrier | Image of provider | (i) The more well-known a data provider, the more merchants use the product
(ii) Some of their respondents do not pay much attention to the image provider. They only use it because of the recommendation of a friend or relative |
| The other party’s need for approval | (i) Almost all respondents do not need other parties for the approval process. Because in digital banking there is proof of payment |
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