The Impact of Smartphone and Social Media Use on Adolescent Sleep Quality and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 2

One-way analysis of variance with post hoc comparison examining major study variables with gender.

	Male (); M (SD)	Female (); M (SD)	Nonbinary (); M (SD)
PSWQ ()	43.80 (13.05)^a	51.20 (15.08)^b	65.43 (16.91)^c
CESD ()	14.52 (11.22)^a	22.40 (15.80)^b	34.71 (20.25)^b
Social media use (hours) ()	4.95 (3.66)^a	5.66 (3.29)^a	7.29 (3.40)^a
PROMIS pediatric short form ()	2.43 (0.88)^a	2.64 (0.98)^a	3.64 (1.38)^b

Note: superscripts reflect significant mean differences (). PSWQ = Penn State Worry Questionnaire; CESD = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children.