Identification of Risk Factors for Suicide and Insights for Developing Suicide Prevention Technologies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Risk factors associated with suicide (ordered by domain) and their calculated odds ratios.

	Number of studies	Pooled odds ratio (95% CI)		Heterogeneity (I2)
Comorbid disorders & behavior	54	1.47 (1.28–1.67)	0.00	99.7%
Any diagnosed mental disorder	7	2.7 (0.60–4.81)	0.00	99.5%
Alcohol use problem	6	1.12 (0.29–1.96)	0.00	98.3%
Anxiety disorder	4	0.97 (-0.08–2.03)	0.00	98.0%
Behavioral problems	3	1.01 (-0.54–2.56)	0.00	99.5%
Bipolar disorder	2	1.85 (0.51–3.19)	0.010	84.7%
Borderline personality disorder	2	1.55 (-0.92–4.02)	0.00	99.7%
Cigarette smoking	4	1.16 (0.83–1.49)	0.057	60.1%
Depression	10	1.42 (0.99–1.85)	0.00	99.7%
Impulsivity	2	1.34 (0.11–2.57)	0.009	85.4%
Multiple chronic health conditions	3	1.95 (1.10–2.81)	0.001	84.7%
Physical illness or disability	3	0.87 (-0.38–2.11)	0.00	97.6%
Posttraumatic stress disorder	2	1.09 (0.79–1.39)	0.610	0.0%
Psychoactive substance use disorder	6	1.39 (0.53–2.25)	0.00	97.3%
Family & personal psychiatric history	10	1.12 (0.73–1.52)	0.00	95.5%
Exposure to peer suicide attempt	2	0.67 (0.46–0.88)	0.953	0.0%
Family history of suicide	3	0.98 (0.61–1.35)	0.013	77.0%
Family mental illness history	2	1.33 (0.66–2.00)	0.062	71.2%
Past suicide attempt	3	1.41 (0.33–2.48)	0.00	98.6%
Negative life experiences	16	1.26 (0.85–1.68)	0.00	95.6%
Adverse life events	8	1.65 (0.82–2.48)	0.00	97.3%
Exposure to domestic violence	2	0.97 (-0.16–2.09)	0.03	77.8%
Physical trauma	3	0.53 (0.13–0.94)	0.003	82.3%
Sexual trauma	3	1.00 (0.21–1.79)	0.00	89.7%
Social & familial characteristics	12	0.45 (0.30–0.61)	0.00	91.9%
Single/widowed/separated parents	2	0.84 (0.52–1.16)	0.971	0.0%
Low social support	3	1.32 (-0.2–2.85)	0.00	93.0%
Loneliness or high isolation	4	0.21 (0.01–0.40)	0.00	94.9%
Poor family functioning	3	0.82 (0.43–1.22)	0.145	48.1%
Sociodemographic characteristics	18	0.77 (0.57–0.97)	0.00	87.6%
Female	7	0.76 (0.52–1.00)	0.00	79.2%
Low education level	4	1.00 (0.22–1.79)	0.00	91.3%
Low family income	4	0.63 (0.25–1.01)	0.078	56.1%
Unmarried	3	0.75 (0.25–1.25)	0.057	65.0%