Review Article
Identification of Risk Factors for Suicide and Insights for Developing Suicide Prevention Technologies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Table 2
Risk factors associated with suicide (ordered by domain) and their calculated odds ratios.
| | Number of studies | Pooled odds ratio (95% CI) | | Heterogeneity (I2) |
| Comorbid disorders & behavior | 54 | 1.47 (1.28–1.67) | 0.00 | 99.7% | Any diagnosed mental disorder | 7 | 2.7 (0.60–4.81) | 0.00 | 99.5% | Alcohol use problem | 6 | 1.12 (0.29–1.96) | 0.00 | 98.3% | Anxiety disorder | 4 | 0.97 (-0.08–2.03) | 0.00 | 98.0% | Behavioral problems | 3 | 1.01 (-0.54–2.56) | 0.00 | 99.5% | Bipolar disorder | 2 | 1.85 (0.51–3.19) | 0.010 | 84.7% | Borderline personality disorder | 2 | 1.55 (-0.92–4.02) | 0.00 | 99.7% | Cigarette smoking | 4 | 1.16 (0.83–1.49) | 0.057 | 60.1% | Depression | 10 | 1.42 (0.99–1.85) | 0.00 | 99.7% | Impulsivity | 2 | 1.34 (0.11–2.57) | 0.009 | 85.4% | Multiple chronic health conditions | 3 | 1.95 (1.10–2.81) | 0.001 | 84.7% | Physical illness or disability | 3 | 0.87 (-0.38–2.11) | 0.00 | 97.6% | Posttraumatic stress disorder | 2 | 1.09 (0.79–1.39) | 0.610 | 0.0% | Psychoactive substance use disorder | 6 | 1.39 (0.53–2.25) | 0.00 | 97.3% | Family & personal psychiatric history | 10 | 1.12 (0.73–1.52) | 0.00 | 95.5% | Exposure to peer suicide attempt | 2 | 0.67 (0.46–0.88) | 0.953 | 0.0% | Family history of suicide | 3 | 0.98 (0.61–1.35) | 0.013 | 77.0% | Family mental illness history | 2 | 1.33 (0.66–2.00) | 0.062 | 71.2% | Past suicide attempt | 3 | 1.41 (0.33–2.48) | 0.00 | 98.6% | Negative life experiences | 16 | 1.26 (0.85–1.68) | 0.00 | 95.6% | Adverse life events | 8 | 1.65 (0.82–2.48) | 0.00 | 97.3% | Exposure to domestic violence | 2 | 0.97 (-0.16–2.09) | 0.03 | 77.8% | Physical trauma | 3 | 0.53 (0.13–0.94) | 0.003 | 82.3% | Sexual trauma | 3 | 1.00 (0.21–1.79) | 0.00 | 89.7% | Social & familial characteristics | 12 | 0.45 (0.30–0.61) | 0.00 | 91.9% | Single/widowed/separated parents | 2 | 0.84 (0.52–1.16) | 0.971 | 0.0% | Low social support | 3 | 1.32 (-0.2–2.85) | 0.00 | 93.0% | Loneliness or high isolation | 4 | 0.21 (0.01–0.40) | 0.00 | 94.9% | Poor family functioning | 3 | 0.82 (0.43–1.22) | 0.145 | 48.1% | Sociodemographic characteristics | 18 | 0.77 (0.57–0.97) | 0.00 | 87.6% | Female | 7 | 0.76 (0.52–1.00) | 0.00 | 79.2% | Low education level | 4 | 1.00 (0.22–1.79) | 0.00 | 91.3% | Low family income | 4 | 0.63 (0.25–1.01) | 0.078 | 56.1% | Unmarried | 3 | 0.75 (0.25–1.25) | 0.057 | 65.0% |
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