Research Article

Development and Validation of a Scale for Measuring Motivations to Use Facebook: Results of Second-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Table 1

Review of the studies.

YearAuthorsMotivations to use Facebook

2008ForeggerPass time, connection, sexual attraction, utilities and upkeeps, establish/maintain old ties, accumulation, social comparison, and channel use and networking
2008JoinsonConnection, shared identities, photographs, content, social investigation, social network and surfing, and status updating
2008Raacke & Bonds-RaackeKeep in touch with old friends, keep in touch with current friends, post/look at pictures, make new friends, locate old friends, learn about events, post social functions, feel connected, share information about oneself, and for academic purposes and/or dating purposes
2008SheldonRelationship maintenance, passing time, virtual community, entertainment, coolness, and companionship
2009Urista, Dong & DayEfficient communication, convenient communication, curiosity about others, popularity, and relationship formation reinforcement
2010Bonds-Raacke & RaackeInformation, friendship, and connection
2010Gülnar, Balcı and ÇakıNarcissism and self-expression, media drenching and performance, passing time, information seeking, personal status, relationship maintenance, and entertainment
2010Quan-Haase & YoungPastime, affection, fashion, share problems, sociability, and social information
2010Kim, Kim & NamSocial motivation and non-social motivation
2011Baek et al.Information sharing, convenience and entertainment, pass time, interpersonal utility, and control
2011Cheung, Chiu & LeeSocial identify, purpose value, self-discovery, maintaining interpersonal interconnectivity, social enhancement, entertainment value, and social presence
2011HewMaintain existing relationships, meet new people, fun, make oneself more popular, pass time, express or present oneself, learning, task management tool, and activism
2011Kim, Sohn & ChoiSeeking friends, social support, entertainment, information, and convenience
2011Zhang, Tang & LeungSocial surveillance, entertainment, recognition, emotional support, network extension, and maintenance
2012Alhabash et al.Social connection, shared identities, photographs, contents, social investigation, social network surfing, and status updates
2012Gadekar, Krishnatray & GaurRelationship maintenance, user-friendliness, relaxation, connecting with old friends, and social interaction
2012Hew & CheungKeeping in touch with friends, entertainment, broadening the social network, expressing emotions, following the trend/crowd, and for fun/for the sake of having a Facebook account
2012Hunt, Atkin & KrishnanInterpersonal utility, self-expression, entertainment, and passing time
2012TosunMaintain long-distance relationships, game playing/entertainment, active forms of photo-related activities, organizing social activities, passive observations, establishing new friendships, and initiating and/or terminating romantic relationships
2012Wang, Tchernev & SollowayEmotional needs, cognitive needs, social needs, and habitual needs
2012Xu et al.Coordination, disclosure, escape, immediate access, leisure, and stylishness
2013Alemdar & KökeSocial surveillance, recognition, emotional support, social connectivity, entertainment, narcissism and self-expression, ease to use, freedom and courage, and adaptation to new challenges
2013Balakrishnan & ShamimSocial networking, psychological benefits, entertainment, self-presentation, and skill enhancement
2013ChigonaKeeping in touch with friends, diversion (escape) and entertainment and pass time, find friends from past relationships by using the friends search function, voyeurism, self-expressing, and social utility
2013Dhaha & IgaleVirtual companionship and escape, interpersonal entertainment, self-description of own country, self-expression, information seeking, and passing time
2013Ku, Chen & ZhangInformation, entertainment, fashion, sociability, and relationship maintenance
2013Kwon, D’Angelo & McLeoInformation seeking, entertainment, communication, social relations, escape, and Facebook applications
2013Jackson & WangKeeping in touch with parents and other family members, keeping in touch with friends, connecting with people known but rarely seen, meeting new people, and obtaining information
2013Pai & ArnottBelonging, hedonism, self-esteem, and reciprocity
2013Patra, Gadekar & KrishnatrayRelationship maintenance, user-friendliness, relaxation, and connecting with old friends
2013Whiting & WilliamsSocial interaction, information seeking, pass time, entertainment, relaxation, communicatory utility, convenience utility, expression of opinion, information sharing, and surveillance/knowledge about
2013Yang & BrownRelationship formation and relationship maintenance
2014Alhabash, Chiang & HuangInformation sharing, self-documentation, social interaction, entertainment, passing time, self-expression, and medium appeal
2014Karimi et al.Interpersonal utility, pass time, entertainment, information seeking, and convenience
2014Huang, Hsieh & WuSocial gratifications
2014Luchman, Bergstrom & KrulikowskiInformation seeking, focused entertainment, purposive driven fun, and socially driven fun
2014Giota & KleftarasInterpersonal utility, information seeking, entertainment, escape, and convenience
2014Park & LeeEntertainment, relationship maintenance, self-expression, and communication
2015Basilisco & ChaSeeking friends, entertainment, information, and convenience
2015Antoniadis, Koukoulis & SerdarisDebating, socializing, expression, and entertainment
2015Rae & LonborgInformation, friendship, and connection
2015Ahmad, Mustafa & UllahCommunication and interaction, outward looking, and self-actualization
2016Briones & JanoskeKeeping in touch with others, help with work, and improving general knowledge
2016Goktalay & OzdilekGaining knowledge, communication, acquire acquaintances, and be environment friendly
2016IfinedoSocial enhancement, maintaining interpersonal interconnectivity, entertainment value, self-discovery value, and purposive value