References Sample size Gender distribution Age mean/ age distribution Country Motivation dimension Motivation measure Gaming related dimension/variable Gaming-related measure/variable description Results Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Socialization Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Competition focused Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .30, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Socialization Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Validation seeking Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .29, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Socialization Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Reward Orientation Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .39, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Socialization Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Detached Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = -.05, (n.s) Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Immersion Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Competition focused Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .30, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Immersion Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Validation seeking Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .21, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Immersion Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Reward Orientation Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .35, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Immersion Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Detached Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = -.04 (n.s) Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Achievement Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Competition focused Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .36, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Achievement Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Validation seeking Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r =.27, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Achievement Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Reward orientation Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .29, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Achievement Online Gaming Motivation Scale (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Detached Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r =-.08, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competition focused Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .52, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Validation seeking Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .52, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ])) Reward Orientation Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .46, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Detached Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = -.13, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competition focused Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .21, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Validation seeking Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .45, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Reward Orientation Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .55, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Detached Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = -.08 (n.s) Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competition focused Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .56, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ])) Validation seeking Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .72, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Reward Orientation Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .31, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Detached Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = -.15, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competition focused Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .52, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Validation seeking Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .40, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Reward orientation Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .41, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Detached Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = -.11, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competition focused Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .22, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Validation seeking Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .38, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Reward orientation Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .01, Beard & Wickham [58 ]. 600 401 (65.0%) M 30.16, SD =9.15 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Detached Gaming Online Self Worth [58 ]. r = .03 (n.s) Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Gaming frequency Hours played per week r = .19, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Gaming frequency Hours played per week r = .31, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Gaming frequency Hours played per week r = .25, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Gaming frequency Hours played per week r = .29, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Gaming frequency Hours played per week r = .28, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Gaming frequency Hours played per week r = .12 (n.s) Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Autonomy PENS [30 ] r = .56, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Autonomy PENS [30 ] r = .25, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Autonomy PENS [30 ] r = 32, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Autonomy PENS [30 ] r = .05 (n.s) Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Autonomy PENS [30 ] r = .29, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Autonomy PENS [30 ] r = -.16, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competence PENS [30 ] r = .47, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competence PENS [30 ] r =.21, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competence PENS [30 ] r =.24, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competence PENS [30 ] r =.00 (n.s) Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competence PENS [30 ] r =.21, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Competence PENS [30 ] r =-.13, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Relatedness PENS [30 ] r =.18, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Relatedness PENS [30 ] r =.19, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Relatedness PENS [30 ] r =.21, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Relatedness PENS [30 ] r =.04 (n.s) Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Relatedness PENS [30 ] r =.29, Lafrenière et al. [32 ]. 276 193 M 26.15, SD =8.26 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS; [32 ]) Relatedness PENS [30 ] r =.28, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Enhancement Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Hours gaming Average number of hours gaming during a typical week r =-.449, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Social Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Hours gaming Average number of hours gaming during a typical week r =.069, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Coping Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Hours gaming Average number of hours gaming during a typical week r = .393, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Self gratification Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Hours gaming Average number of hours gaming during a typical week r =.325, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Coping Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Gaming problems Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS, [77 ]) r =.365, β =.43, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Self gratification Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Gaming problems Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS, [77 ]) r =.592, β =.25, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Enhancement Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Gaming problems Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS, [77 ]) r =.434, β =.03 (n.s) Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Social Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Gaming problems Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS, [77 ]) r =.365 (β =0.04 (n.s) Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Coping Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Loss of control Authors asked three self - reported item about losing control while gaming r =-.281, β =-.25, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Enhancement Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Loneliness UCLA Loneliness scale [78 ] r = .062 (n.s) β =0.30 (n.s) Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Social Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Loneliness UCLA Loneliness scale [78 ] r = .035 (n.s) β =0.20 (n.s) Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Coping Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ] Loneliness UCLA Loneliness scale [78 ] r = .248, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Gratification Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ] Loneliness UCLA Loneliness scale [78 ] r = .180, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Social Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Boredom (lack of external stimulation) Boredom Proneness Scale - Short Form (BPS - SF, Vodanovich, Wallace, Kass) r = .093, β = .079, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Enhancement Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Boredom (lack of external stimulation) Boredom Proneness Scale-Short Form (BPS-SF, Vodanovich, Wallace, Kass) r = .130, β = .113, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Enhancement Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Boredom (lack of internal stimulation) Boredom Proneness Scale-Short Form (BPS-SF, Vodanovich, Wallace, Kass) r = -.092, β = .110, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Coping Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Boredom (lack of external stimulation) Boredom Proneness Scale-Short Form (BPS-SF, Vodanovich, Wallace, Kass) r = .188, β = .110, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Coping Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Boredom (lack of internal stimulation) Boredom Proneness Scale-Short Form (BPS-SF, Vodanovich, Wallace, Kass) r = -.017 (n.s) β = .080, Myrseth et al. [41 ]. 853 740 (86.8%) M 19.4, SD = .09 Norway Self gratification Electronic Gaming Motive Questionnaire (EGMQ, [41 ]) Boredom (lack of internal stimulation) Boredom Proneness Scale-Short Form (BPS-SF, Vodanovich, Wallace, Kass) r = -.103, β = .168, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Competition MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Gender Female or male β = -.40, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Fantasy MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Gender Female or male β = .22, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Story MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Gender Female or male β = .22, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Escapism MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Gender Female or male β = .27, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Customization MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Gender Female or male β = .65, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Grinding/ Competition MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Gender Female or male β = .40, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Relationship MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Gender Female or male β = .39, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Fantasy MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Language spoken Native English or not β = .23, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Escapism MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Language spoken Native English or not β = .24, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Competition MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Age Participants were asked of their age β = -.02, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Fantasy MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Age Participants were asked of their age β = -.02, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Arousal MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Age Participants were asked of their age β = -.01, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Story MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Age Participants were asked of their age β = -.02, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Escapism MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Age Participants were asked of their age β = -.01, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Customization MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Age Participants were asked of their age β = -.02, Tekofsky et al. [67 ] 2400 2073 M 26.17, SD =7.72, 18-65 Online Relationships MOPG [26 ], GAMES [34 ], Video Game Uses, and Gratifications Instrument [29 ] Age Participants were asked of their age β = -.01, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Escape Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Gender Female or male t =6.746, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Competition Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Gender Female or male t =10.900, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Coping Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Gender Female or male t =2.124, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Social Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Gender Female or male t =5.357, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Fantasy Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Gender Female or male t =7.244, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Recreation Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Gender Female or male t =4.400, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Escape Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Age three groups: (a) 14-17, (b) 18-21, and (c) 22-54 F =9.719, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Competition Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Age three groups: (a) 14-17, (b) 18-21, and (c) 22-54 F =31.527, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Coping Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Age three groups: (a) 14-17, (b) 18-21, and (c) 22-54 F =19.595, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Social Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Age three groups: (a) 14-17, (b) 18-21, and (c) 22-54 F =17.327, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Fantasy Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Age three groups: (a) 14-17, (b) 18-21, and (c) 22-54 F =17.788, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Recreation Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Age three groups: (a) 14-17, (b) 18-21, and (c) 22-54 F =11.386, Demetrovics et al. [22 ]. 3818 3459 (90.6%) M 20.9, SD =5.81, 19-24 Online Skill development Motive for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ; [22 ]) Age three groups: (a) 14-17, (b) 18-21, and (c) 22-54 F =13.867, Kuss et al. [79 ]. 265 189 M 21, SD = 6.5 Netherlands Relationship Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .459, Kuss et al. [79 ]. 265 189 M 21, SD = 6.5 Netherlands Advancement Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = 230, Kuss et al. [79 ]. 265 189 M 21, SD = 6.5 Netherlands Escapism Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .437, Kuss et al. [79 ]. 265 189 M 21, SD = 6.5 Netherlands Mechanism Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .417, Kuss et al. [79 ]. 265 189 M 21, SD = 6.5 Netherlands Competition Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = 340, Kuss et al. [79 ]. 265 189 M 21, SD = 6.5 Netherlands Escapism Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Excessive Gaming Problem Video Game Playing Questionnaire (PVP, [80 ]) β = .35, Kuss et al. [79 ]. 265 189 M 21, SD = 6.5 Netherlands Mechanism Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Excessive Gaming Problem Video Game Playing Questionnaire (PVP, [80 ]) β = .21, Hoffman & Nadelson [45 ]. 189 47 (24.7%) M 24.4, SD = 6.19 United States Engagement Video Game Play [45 ] Gender Female or male r = -.335, β = - 16.594; F = 7.291, Hoffman & Nadelson [45 ]. 189 47 (24.7%) M 24.4, SD = 6.19 United States Engagement Video Game Play [45 ] Need for cognition Need for cognition (NFC, [81 ]) r = .168, Hoffman & Nadelson [45 ]. 189 47 (24.7%) M 24.4, SD = 6.19 United States Engagement Video Game Play [45 ] Ego Orientation Scores Success for Gaming Scale (TEOSQ modified, [82 ]) r = .264, Hoffman & Nadelson [45 ]. 189 47 (24.7%) M 24.4, SD = 6.19 United States Engagement Video Game Play [45 ] Task Orientation Scores Success for Gaming Scale (TEOSQ modified, [82 ]) r = .266, β = 1.044; F = 4.355, Hoffman & Nadelson [45 ]. 189 47 (24.7%) M 24.4, SD = 6.19 United States Engagement Video Game Play [45 ] Play with others Ad hoc item created by the authors r = .345, β = 5.256; F = 5.613, Hoffman & Nadelson [45 ]. 189 47 (24.7%) M 24.4, SD = 6.19 United States Engagement Video Game Play [45 ] Hours of play Hours played weekly r = .198, β = 3.213; F = 61.375, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (F = 3.63, sd = 1.84; M =4.30, sd = 1.73), F = 9.545, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (F = 2.54, sd =1.86; M = 3.51, sd = 1.89), F = 17.641, p < .05 Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (F = 2.71, sd = 1.74; M = 3.42, sd = 1.81), F = 10.387, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (F = 2.95, sd = 1.74; M = 3.76, sd = 1.81), F = 13.275, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (F = 2.49, sd = 1.68; M = 3.65, sd = 1.85), F = 26.429, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gameplay time Duration of gameplay in years (more than 4 y; less than 3 y) Mean (<3 = 3.53, sd = 1.60; >4 = 4.54, sd = 1.79), F = 27.734, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gameplay time Duration of gameplay in years (more than 4 y; less than 3 y) Mean (<3 = 2.67, sd = 1.60; >4 = 3.66, sd = 2.03), F = 22.253, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gameplay time Duration of gameplay in years (more than 4 y; less than 3 y) Mean (<3 = 2.76, sd = 1.53; >4 = 3.56, sd = 1.93), F = 16.093, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gameplay time Duration of gameplay in years (more than 4 y; less than 3 y) Mean (<3 = 3.08, sd = 1.56; >4 = 3.86, sd = 1.93), F = 15.554, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gameplay time Duration of gameplay in years (more than 4y; less than 3y) Mean (<3 =2.89, sd = 1.59; >4 = 3.66, sd = 2.02), F = 13.727, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Internet game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 4.60, sd = 1.66; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Internet game play (yes or no) Mean (Y =3.79, sd = 1.89; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Internet game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.72, sd = 1.76; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Internet game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 4.11, sd = 1.75; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Internet game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.84, sd = 1.83; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Internet game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.65, sd = 1.75; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Console gameplay (yes or no) Mean (Y = 4.84, sd = 1.70; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Console gameplay (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.99, sd = 1.96; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Console gameplay (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.84, sd = 1.90; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Console gameplay (yes or no) Mean (Y = 4.47, sd = 1.94; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Console gameplay (yes or no) Mean (Y = 4.09, sd = 1.95; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Mobile game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 4.46, sd = 1.81; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Mobile game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.56, sd = 2.02; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Mobile game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.47, sd = 1.89; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Mobile game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.96, sd =1.91; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey External Regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gaming platform Mobile game play (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.60, sd =1.99; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Pay to play Money spent or buy an item (yes or no) Mean (Y = 4.78, sd =1.86; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Pay to play Money spent or buy an item (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.98, sd = 2.11; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Pay to play Money spent or buy an item (yes or no) Mean (Y = 3.75, sd = 1.98; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Pay to play Money spent or buy an item (yes or no) Mean (Y = 4.22, sd =1.91; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Pay to play Money spent or buy an item (yes or no) Mean (Y =4.03, sd = 1.93; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Duration of longest playing time In hours: (a) < 2 h, (b) 3-6 h, (c) =>7 h Mean (A = 3.47, sd = 1.65; B = 4.28, sd = 1.61; C = 5.02, sd = 1.94), F = 19.059, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Duration of longest playing time In hours: (a) < 2 h, (b) 3-6 h, (c) = >7 h Mean (A = 2.73, sd = 1.69; B = 3.23, sd = 1.76; C = 4.28, sd =2.29), F = 14.802 Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Duration of longest playing time In hours: (a) < 2 h, (b) 3-6 h, (c) = >7 h Mean (A = 2.94, sd = 1.73; B = 3.19, sd = 1.59; C = 3.87, sd = 2.25), F = 5.890 Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Duration of longest playing time In hours: (a) < 2 h, (b) 3-6 h, (c) = >7 h Mean (A =2.89, sd = 1.73; B = 3.78, sd = 1.61; C = 4.23, sd = 2.07), F = 14.818 Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Duration of longest playing time In hours: (a) < 2 h, (b) 3-6 h, (c) =>7 h Mean (A = 2.73, sd = 1.78; B = 3.67, sd = 1.79; C = 3.77, sd = 2.04), F = 10.885 Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Duration of longest playing time In hours: (a) < 2 h, (b) 3-6 h, (c) = >7 h Mean (A = 3.46, sd = 1.75; B = 3.68, sd = 1.64; C =2.78, sd = 1.72), F = 6.313 Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Willingness to change gaming habits Willing to change (yes, maybe, no) Mean (Y = 3.17, sd = 1.59; M = 3.95, sd = 1.80; N = 4.56, sd = 1.70), F = 16.327, Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Willingness to change gaming habits Willing to change (yes, maybe, no) Mean (Y = 2.38, sd = 1.51; M =2.89, sd = 1.85; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Willingness to change gaming habits Willing to change (yes, maybe, no) Mean (Y = 2.46, sd = 1.41; M = 2.85, sd = 1.59; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Willingness to change gaming habits Willing to change (yes, maybe, no) Mean (Y = 2.83, sd = 1.69; M = 3.23, sd = 1.71; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Willingness to change gaming habits Willing to change (yes, maybe, no) Mean (Y = 2.79, sd = 1.72; M = 2.88, sd = 1.80; Osman & Çirak [70 ]. 330 257 (73.2%) M 22.42, SD = 11.92, 18-34 Turkey Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Willingness to change gaming habits Willing to change (yes, maybe, no) Mean (Y = 4.15, sd = 1.80; M = 3.17, sd = 1.52; Fam et al. [83 ]. 614 285 (46.4%) M 15.36, SD = 1.275, 12-18 Malaysia Social Online Gaming Motivation Scale [27 ] Gaming disorder Problem Videogame Playing (PVP) Scale [84 ] β = .098, Fam et al. [83 ]. 614 285 (46.4%) M 15.36, SD = 1.275, 12-18 Malaysia Immersion Online Gaming Motivation Scale [27 ] Gaming disorder Problem Videogame Playing (PVP) Scale [84 ] β = .129, Fam et al. [83 ]. 614 285 (46.4%) M 15.36, SD = 1.275, 12-18 Malaysia Achievement Online Gaming Motivation Scale [27 ] Gaming disorder Problem Videogame Playing (PVP) Scale [84 ] β = .166 < Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Integrated - Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Problematic video gaming Gaming Disorder Scale (IDGS; [86 ]) r = .38, β = .11, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Problematic video gaming Gaming Disorder Scale (IDGS; [86 ]) r = .65, β = .36, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Problematic video gaming Gaming Disorder Scale (IDGS; [86 ]) r = .36 < β = .11, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Problematic video gaming Gaming Disorder Scale (IDGS; [86 ]) r = .48, β = .23, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Competence frustration Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS, [87 ]) r = .35, β = 28, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Autonomy frustration Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS, [87 ]) r = .33, β = .23, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Relatedness frustration Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS, [87 ]) r = .28, β = .19, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Competence frustration Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS, [87 ]) r = .29, β = .16, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Autonomy frustration Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS, [87 ]) r = .31, β = .20, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Relatedness frustration Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS, [87 ]) r = .27, β = .18, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Integrated - Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Hours gaming Hours played per week r = .36, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Hours gaming Hours played per week r = .24, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Hours gaming Hours played per week r = .19, Mills et al. [85 ]. 1029 749 (72.8%) M 22.96, SD = 4.13, 18-35 Online Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Hours gaming Hours played per week r = .12, T’ng & Pau [73 ]. 1075 808 (75.20%) M 22.19, SD = 3.30, 18-29 Malaysia Achievement Online Motivation Gaming Scale [26 ] Avatar identification The Player-Avatar Identification Scale [88 ] β = .173, T’ng & Pau [73 ] 1075 808 (75.20%) M 22.19, SD = 3.30, 18-29 Malaysia Social Online Motivation Gaming Scale [26 ] Avatar identification The Player-Avatar Identification Scale [88 ] β = .085, T’ng & Pau [73 ] 1075 808 (75.20%) M 22.19, SD = 3.30, 18-29 Malaysia Immersion Online Motivation Gaming Scale [26 ] Avatar identification The Player-Avatar Identification Scale [88 ] β = .460, T’ng & Pau [73 ] 1075 808 (75.20%) M 22.19, SD = 3.30, 18-29 Malaysia Achievement Online Motivation Gaming Scale [26 ] Internet gaming disorder Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) β = .107, T’ng & Pau [73 ] 1075 808 (75.20%) M 22.19, SD = 3.30, 18-29 Malaysia Social Online Motivation Gaming Scale [26 ] Internet gaming disorder Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) β = - .273, T’ng & Pau [73 ] 1075 808 (75.20%) M 22.19, SD = 3.30, 18-29 Malaysia Immersion Online Motivation Gaming Scale [26 ] Internet gaming disorder Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) β = .366, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]). Internet gaming disorder Internet Gaming Disorder Test–10 (IGDT-10; [90 ]) β = .21, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Internet gaming disorder Internet Gaming Disorder Test–10 (IGDT-10; [90 ]) β = .07, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Social Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Internet gaming disorder Internet Gaming Disorder Test–10 (IGDT-10; [90 ]) β = .06, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age β = - .16, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Gender Female or male β = - .24, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Ethnicity e.g., if White/Caucasian β = .08, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Student status e.g high schooler, college student, etc. β = - .08, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Social Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Age Participants were of asked their age β = - .14, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Social Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Gender Female or male β = - .19, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Social Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Student status e.g high schooler, college student, etc β = - .06, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Social Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Extraversion BFI-10 [91 ] β = .14, Carlisle et al. [68 ]. 1881 1118 (59.4%) M 28.27, SD = 8.84, 18-95 Online Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Age Female or male β = - .14, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Extraversion JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = .12, β = - .16, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Agreeableness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = - .38, β = - .30, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Conscientiousness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = - .11, β = - .02, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Openness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = - .16, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Neuroticism JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = .14, β = .14, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Openness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = .14, β = .19, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Agreeableness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = -.18, β = -.12, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Neuroticism JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = .32, β = .32, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Agreeableness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = -.26, β = -.12, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Conscientiousness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = -.16, β = -.04, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Agreeableness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = -.24, β = -.14, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Conscientiousness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = - .12, β = - .02, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Agreeableness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = -.41, β = -.33, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Conscientiousness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = -.14, β = -.03, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Conscientiousness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = .16, β = .18, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Agreeableness JS NEO-A60 [93 ] r = .16, β = -.12, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .27, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .34, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .28, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .38, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Social interaction VMQ [28 ]; Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .39, β = .17, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .33, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .21, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Weekly gaming Hours played per week r = .32, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Pathological gaming scale for adolescents [94 ] r = .18, β = - .05, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Pathological gaming scale for adolescents [94 ] r = .39, β = - .02, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Pathological gaming scale for adolescents [94 ] r = .37, β = .08, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Pathological gaming scale for adolescents [94 ] r = .48, β = .20, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Pathological gaming scale for adolescents [94 ] r = .51, β = .28, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Pathological gaming scale for adolescents [94 ] r = .36, β = .06, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Pathological gaming scale for adolescents [94 ] r = .17, β = .03, López-Fernández et al. [92 ] 364 252 (69%) M 14.97, SD =1.11, 13-17 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Pathological gaming scale for adolescents [94 ] r = .30, β = - .05, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Concentration Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Gender Female or male t(1677) = - 4.321, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Entertainment Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Gender Female or male t(1677) = - 10.350, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Escape Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Gender Female or male t(1677) = - 6.619, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Learning Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Gender Female or male t(1677) = - 10.291, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Socialization Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Gender Female or male t(1677) = - 11.906, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Concentration Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Game place Home or Internet cafè t(1677) = - 14.569, 18-25 : 2.803; 26-35 : 2.616; 36-45 : 2.348; 46-55 : 1.815, 56+ : 2.031); Fage (4-1672) = 16.851, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Entertainment Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Game place Home or Internet cafè t(1677) = -12.299, 18 - 25 : 3.586; 26-35 : 3.025; 36 - 45 : 2.693; 46-55 : 1.857, 56+ : 3.719); Fage (4-1672) = 60.914, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Escape Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Game place Home or Internet cafè t(1677) = -8.646, p < .05,18 - 25 : 2.789; 26-35 : 2.562; 36-45 : 2.427; 46-55 : 1.921, 56+ : 2.896); Fage (4-1672) = 12.795, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Learning Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Game place Home or Internet cafè t(1677) = -13.278, p < .05,18-25 : 3.063; 26-35 : 2.696; 36-45 : 2.535; 46-55 : 1.994, 56+ : 2.141); Fage (4-1672) = 23.433, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Socialization Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Game place Home or Internet cafè t(1677) = - 15.226, 18 - 25 : 3.337; 26 - 35 : 2.784; 36 - 45 : 2.552; 46 - 55 : 1.905, 56+ : 3.031); Fage (4-1672) = 43.230, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Concentration Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Daily ICT usage Participants were given 5 options: no, less than 1 h, 1-3 h, 4-6 h, 7 h, and more r = - .127, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Entertainment Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Daily ICT usage Participants were given 5 options: no, less than 1 h, 1-3 h, 4-6 h, 7 h, and more r = .105, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Escape Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Daily ICT Usage Participants were given 5 options: no, less than 1 h, 1-3 h, 4-6 h, 7 h, and more r = .083, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Concentration Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Age Participants were asked of their age r = -.190, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Entertainment Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Age Participants were asked of their age r = -.305, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Escape Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Age Participants were asked of their age r = -.143, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Learning Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Age Participants were asked of their age r = .196, Yıldız et al. [54 ]. 1677 867 (51.7%) M 18-56+ Turkey Socialization Computer Gaming Motivation Scale [37 ] Age Participants were asked of their age r = - .276, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Competence (PENS; [30 ]) Gaming frequency Amount of time spent on mobile games in a day and in a week r = .15, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Autonomy (PENS; [30 ]) Gaming frequency Amount of time spent on mobile games in a day and in a week r = .23, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Enjoyment Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI; [52 , 95 ] Gaming frequency Amount of time spent on mobile games in a day and in a week r = .39, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Alleviation of boredom Alleviation of boredom [96 ] Gaming frequency Amount of time spent on mobile games in a day and in a week r = .35, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Psychological detachment Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ; [97 –99 ]. Gaming frequency Amount of time spent on mobile games in a day and in a week r = 20, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Relaxation Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ; [97 –99 ]. Gaming frequency Amount of time spent on mobile games in a day and in a week r = .25, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Autonomy (PENS; [30 ]) Gaming duration Length of an average gaming session r = .14, β = -.19, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Relatedness (PENS; [30 ]) Gaming duration Length of an average gaming session r = .16, β = .20, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Enjoyment Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI; [52 , 95 ] Gaming duration Length of an average gaming session r = .25, β = .19, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Alleviation of boredom Alleviation of boredom [96 ] Gaming duration Length of an average gaming session r = .20, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Relaxation Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ; [97 –99 ]. Gaming duration Length of an average gaming session r = .21, Goldblum [69 ] 354 0 (0%) M 36.79, SD = 12.38, 18-77 United States Autonomy (PENS; [30 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = .14, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States Intrinsic hedonic motivation Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Genre played if MMO or social network games Mean (SNG = 5.88, sd = 1.06; MMO = 6.17, sd = .94); t(1016) = - 4.48, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States Intrinsic accomplishment Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Genre played if MMO or social network games Mean (SNG = 4.52, sd = 1.51; MMO = 5.00, sd = 1.28); t(1016) = - 5.38, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States Identified social Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Genre played if MMO or social network games Mean (SNG = 3.21, sd = 1.67; MMO = 3.83, sd = .1.70); t(1016) = - 5.91, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States External social Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Genre played if MMO or social network games Mean (SNG = 2.57, sd = 1.54; MMO = 2.27, sd = 1.43); t(1016) = 3.07, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States External game Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Genre played if MMO or social network games Mean (SNG = 3.63, sd =1.86; MMO = 5.03, sd = 1.44); t(1016) = - 13.36, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States Amotivation Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Genre played if MMO or social network games Mean (SNG = 3.23, sd = 1.55; MMO = 2.72, sd = 1.44); t(1016) = 5.35, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States Identified social regulation Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Gender Female or male Mean (SNG) (M = 3.41, sd = 1.65; F = 3.01, sd = 1.66) (F(1, 1014) = 4.4, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States External social motivation Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Gender Female or male Mean (SNG) (M = 2.65, sd = 1.53; F =2.48, sd = 155) (F(1, 1014) = 9.36, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States External game motivation Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Gender Female or male mean (SNG) (M = 3.46, sd = 1.77, F = 3.81, sd = 1.94); mean MMO (M = 4.94, sd = 1.51; F = 5.12, sd = 1.36); F(1, 1014) =6.57, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States External game motivation Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Genre played if MMO or social network games F between male vs. female (1, 1014) = 179.14, Wohn et al. [43 ] 1018 515 M 39, SD = 9.31 (SNG) United States Intrinsic accomplishment Ad hoc instrument Gaming Motivation Scale [43 ] Genre played if MMO or social network games F between male vs. female (1, 1014) = 28.81 Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Role playing Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gender Being female β = -.20, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competence Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gender Being female β = -.08, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Exploration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gender Being female β = -.08, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Social Capital Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gender Being female β = -.14, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Team Play Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gender Being female β = -.11, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competition Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gender Being female β = -.25, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Mechanism Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gender Being female β = -.11, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Role playing Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Age Age of the players β = -.46, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Narration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Age Age of the players β = -.37, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Exploration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Age Age of the players β = -.25, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Social capital Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Age Age of the players β = -.19, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Team play Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Age Age of the players β = - .44, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competition Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Age Age of the players β = - .26, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Mechanics Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Age Age of the players β = - .29, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competence Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gaming experience gamers were asked to indicate the number of years they had been playing computer games β = .11, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Exploration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gaming experience Gamers were asked to indicate the number of years they had been playing computer games β = .16, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Team play Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gaming experience Gamers were asked to indicate the number of years they had been playing computer games β = .07, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Mechanics Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gaming experience Gamers were asked to indicate the number of years they had been playing computer games β = .12, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Narration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Gaming experience Gamers were asked to indicate the number of years they had been playing computer games β = .11, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competence Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Achievement seeking NEO Personal Inventory (NEO-PI-R, [100 ]) β = .06, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Exploration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Achievement seeking NEO Personal Inventory (NEO-PI-R, [100 ]) β = .05, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Mechanics Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Achievement seeking NEO Personal Inventory (NEO-PI-R, [100 ]) β = .11, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Narration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Achievement seeking NEO Personal Inventory (NEO-PI-R, [100 ]) β = .11, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Social Capital Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Collective orientation VIA (values in action) Scales [101 , 102 ] β = .10, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Team play Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Collective orientation VIA (values in action) Scales [101 , 102 ] β = .19, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competition Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Collective orientation VIA (values in action) Scales [101 , 102 ]) β = .08, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Fantasy Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Strategy Genre of game β = - .17, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Exploration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Strategy Genre of game β = .13, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Social Capital Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Strategy Genre of game β = .08, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Narration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Strategy Genre of game β = .25, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Fantasy Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Puzzle Genre of game β = -.15, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competence Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Puzzle Genre of game β = .16, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Social Capital Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Puzzle Genre of game β = .06, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competition Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Puzzle Genre of game β = -.11, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Narration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Puzzle Genre of game β = .12, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Fantasy Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Sport Genre of game β = -.08, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competence Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Sport Genre of game β = .08, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Exploration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Sport Genre of game β = -.07, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Social Capital Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Sport Genre of game β = -.16, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Team Play Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Sport Genre of game β = .22, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competition Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Sport Genre of game β = .10, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Mechanics Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Sport Genre of game β = .21, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Narration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Sport Genre of game β = -.07, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Fantasy Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Adventure Genre of game β = .13, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Exploration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Adventure Genre of game β = .16, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Mechanics Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Adventure Genre of game β = .09, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Narration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Adventure Genre of game β = .18, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Fantasy Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Role Playing Genre of game β = .40, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competence Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Role playing Genre of game β = -.11, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Exploration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Role playing Genre of game β = .09, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Social capital Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Role playing Genre of game β = .07, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competition Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Role playing Genre of game β = -.07, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Narration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Role playing Genre of game β = .22, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Fantasy Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Platform Genre of game β = -.06, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Exploration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Platform Genre of game β = .09, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Team play Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Platform Genre of game β = .13, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Mechanics Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Platform Genre of game β = .12, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Fantasy Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Simulation Genre of game β = .17, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Mechanics Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Simulation Genre of game β = .11, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Fantasy Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Music Genre of game β = -.06, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Social capital Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Music Genre of game β = -.10, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Team play Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Music Genre of game β = .35, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competition Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Music Genre of game β = -.08, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Fantasy Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Action Genre of game β = .25, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competence Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Action Genre of game β = -.07, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Competition Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Action Genre of game β = .10, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Mechanics Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Action Genre of game β = .18, Scharkow et al. [38 ]. 4500 2547 M (56.6%) 38.8, 14-90 Germany Narration Gaming Motive Scale [38 ] Action Genre of game β = -.06, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 89 23 M — United States Intuitive controls (PENS; [30 ]) Gender Female or male F (1, 87) = 5.60, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 89 23 M — United States Intuitive controls (PENS; [30 ]) Continued play Dichotomous behavioural choice; participants were given free choice to continue with the game or change to another one F (1, 83) = 6.42, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 89 23 M — United States In-game Autonomy (PENS; [30 ]) Continued play Dichotomous behavioural choice; participants were given free choice to continue with the game or change to another one F (1, 83) = 4.77, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 89 23 M — United States In game competence (PENS; [30 ]) Continued play Dichotomous behavioural choice; participants were given free choice to continue with the game or change to another one F (1, 83) = 10.58, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 89 23 M — United States In game competence (PENS; [30 ]) Preference for continued gameplay Dichotomous behavioural choice; participants were given free choice to continue with the game or change to another one β = .39, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 89 23 M — United States In game competence (PENS; [30 ]) Free choice continued gameplay Dichotomous behavioural choice; participants were given free choice to continue with the game or change to another one β = .41, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 89 23 M — United States In game competence (PENS; [30 ]) Self-esteem Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (MSEI; [103 ]) β = .52, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 89 23 M — United States In game competence (PENS; [30 ]) Modd/affect Mood Rating Scale ([104 ]) β = .25, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Competence (PENS; [30 ]) Future Play How many months they plan on playing the game in the future β = .14, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Autonomy (PENS; [30 ]) Future Play How many months they plan on playing the game in the future β = .15, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Relatedness (PENS; [30 ]) Future Play How many months they plan on playing the game in the future β = .12, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Competence (PENS; [30 ]) Hours per week Hours played each week in average β = .09, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Relatedness (PENS; [30 ]) Hours per week Hours played each week in average β = .18, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Achievement Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Hours per week Hours played each week in average β = .19, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Competence (PENS; [30 ]) Enjoyment Intrinsic Motivation Inventory [95 ] β = .24, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Autonomy (PENS; [30 ]) Enjoyment Intrinsic Motivation Inventory [95 ] β = .49, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Relatedness (PENS; [30 ]) Enjoyment Intrinsic Motivation Inventory [95 ] β = .12, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Competence (PENS; [30 ]) Mood Mood Rating Scale ([104 ]). β = .12, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Autonomy (PENS; [30 ]) Mood Mood Rating Scale ([104 ]). β = .36, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Achievement Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Mood Mood Rating Scale ([104 ]). β = - .21, Ryan et al. [30 ]. 730 679 M 22.1, 16-44 Online Immersion Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Mood Mood Rating Scale ([104 ]). β = - .08, Klimmt et al. [39 ]. 8203 6292 (76.7%) M 24.2, SD = 9.4 Germany Socializing Ad hoc instrument [39 ] Experience while playing Travian For how long the gamers had played the game (for 4 months vs. more than 1 y) F = 381, Klimmt et al. [39 ]. 8203 6292 (76.7%) M 24.2, SD = 9.4 Germany Competition Ad hoc instrument ([39 ] Experience while playing Travian For how long the gamers had played the game (for 4 months vs. more than 1 y) F = 256, Klimmt et al. [39 ]. 8203 6292 (76.7%) M 24.2, SD = 9.4 Germany Coping Ad hoc instrument ([39 ] Experience while playing Travian For how long the gamers had played the game (for 4 months vs. more than 1 y) F = 150, Klimmt et al. [39 ]. 8203 6292 (76.7%) M 24.2, SD = 9.4 Germany Competition Ad hoc instrument ([39 ] Gender Female or male mean (M = 2.59, sd = .81, F = 3.04, sd = .83), F(1, 8201) = 437, Fuster et al. [105 ]. 430 410 M 26.58, SD = 6.79 Spain Socialization MMO-MS [33 ] Age Age of the players r = -.100, Fuster et al. [105 ]. 430 410 M 26.58, SD = 6.79 Spain Dissociation MMO-MS [33 ] Age Age of the players r = -.115, Fuster et al. [105 ]. 430 410 M 26.58, SD = 6.79 Spain Exploration MMO-MS [33 ] Hours spent playing per week Hours spent between Monday and Friday and weekend r = -.119, Fuster et al. [105 ]. 430 410 M20 F 26.58, SD = 6.79 Spain Dissociation MMO-MS [33 ] Hours spent playing per week Hours spent between Monday and Friday and weekend r = .316, Fuster et al. [105 ]. 430 410 M 26.58, SD = 6.79 Spain Achievement MMO-MS [33 ] Type of occupation Worker (W) or student (S) or student working Mean (S = 19.53, sd = 7.52; W = 17.08, sd = 7.26); F(3, 426) = 3.6, Fuster et al. [105 ]. 430 410 M 26.58, SD = 6.79 Spain Dissociation MMO-MS [33 ] Type of occupation Worker (W) or student (S) or student working (WS) Mean (S = 22.84, sd = 8.52; W = 20.07, sd = 8.52; WS = 18.94, sd = 9.68); F(3, 426) = 4.41, Fuster et al. [105 ]. 430 410 M 26.58, SD = 6.79 Spain Dissociation MMO-MS [33 ] MMORPG type If they played World of Warcraft, Aion, and EVE online Mean (WoW = 23.48, sd = 9.01; Aion = 17.96, sd = 7.57; EVE = 18.06, sd = 8.05); F(6, 423) = 3.54, Fuster et al. [105 ]. 430 410 M 26.58, SD = 6.79 Spain Exploration MMO-MS [33 ] Type of server used RP or Pvp servers Mean (RP = 27.24, sd = 4.64; PvP = 25.08, sd = 6.31); F(2, 427) = 4.05, Fuster et al. [105 ]. 430 410 M 26.58, SD = 6.79 Spain Dissociation MMO-MS [33 ] Type of server used RP or Pvp servers Mean (RP = 18.54, sd = 8.05; PvP = 21.76, sd = 8.05); F(2, 427) = 3.74, Graham & Gosling [106 ]. 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Social motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Extraversion Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .20, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Social motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Agreeableness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .23, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Social motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Neuroticism Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .15, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Social motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Openness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .11, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Achievement motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Extraversion Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .17, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Achievement motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Agreeableness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = - .14, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Achievement motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Conscientiousness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = - .12, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Achievement motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Neuroticism Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .10, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Achievement motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Openness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = - .12, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Immersive motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Extraversion Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = - .07, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Immersive motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Conscientiousness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = - .07, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Immersive motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Neuroticism Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .19, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Immersive motivations Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Openness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .21, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Leadership motivations Items added by authors (i.e I enjoy leading groups) Extraversion Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .45, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Leadership motivations Items added by authors (i.e I enjoy leading groups) Agreeableness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = - .15, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Leadership motivations Items added by authors (i.e I enjoy leading groups) Conscientiousness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .11, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Leadership motivations Two Items added by authors (i.e I enjoy leading groups) Openness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .13, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Independence motivations One item added by authors (i.e I value independence in my character) Openness Big Five Inventory [107 ] β = .28, Graham & Gosling [106 ] 1413 1247 M 23.69, SD = 14.37 Online Achievement Motivation to play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ; [26 ]) Hours of play Hours played per week Johnson & Gardner [23 ]. 235 193 (82%) 22, 17-44 Online Competence/Control (PENS; [30 ]) Agreeableness Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI, [108 ]) Johnson & Gardner [23 ]. 235 193 (82%) 22, 17-44 Online Presence (PENS; [30 ]) Emotional stability Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI, [108 ]) Johnson & Gardner [23 ]. 235 193 (82%) 22, 17-44 Online Autonomy (PENS; [30 ]) Openness to experience Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI, [108 ]) Johnson & Gardner [23 ]. 235 193 (82%) 22, 17-44 Online Presence (PENS; [30 ]) Game genre Shooting, sport/simulation, action-adventure, strategy, & role playing F(3, 195) = 4.26, Johnson & Gardner [23 ]. 235 193 (82%) 22, 17-44 Online Autonomy (PENS; [30 ]) Game genre Shooting, sport/simulation, action-adventure, strategy, & role playing F(3, 195) = 4.72, Fuster et al. [74 ]. 410 410 (100%) M 26.49, SD = 6.78, 16-45 Spain Exploration Massively Multiplayer Online Games Motivations Scale (MMO-MS, [33 ]) Harmonious passion The Passion Scale [109 ] β = .381, Fuster et al. [74 ]. 410 410 (100%) M 26.49, SD = 6.78, 16-45 Spain Socialization Massively Multiplayer Online Games Motivations Scale (MMO-MS, [33 ]) Harmonious passion The Passion Scale [109 ] β = .190, Fuster et al. [74 ]. 410 410 (100%) M 26.49, SD = 6.78, 16-45 Spain Achievement Massively Multiplayer Online Games Motivations Scale (MMO-MS, [33 ]) Harmonious passion The Passion Scale [109 ] β = .235, Fuster et al. [74 ]. 410 410 (100%) M 26.49, SD = 6.78, 16-45 Spain Dissociation Massively Multiplayer Online Games Motivations Scale (MMO-MS, [33 ]) Obsessive passion The Passion Scale [109 ] β = .785, Fuster et al. [74 ]. 410 410 (100%) M 26.49, SD = 6.78, 16-45 Spain Achievement Massively Multiplayer Online Games Motivations Scale (MMO-MS, [33 ]) Obsessive passion The Passion Scale [109 ] β = .322, Fuster et al. [74 ]. 410 410 (100%) M 26.49, SD = 6.78, 16-45 Spain Socialization Massively Multiplayer Online Games Motivations Scale (MMO-MS, [33 ]) Obsessive passion The Passion Scale [109 ] r = .184, p < .001; β = .084, Dindar [75 ] 256 247 (97%) M 18.6, SD = 4, 10–47 Turkey Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]). Distortion of time Flow State Scale 2 questionnaire [110 ] β = .70, t = 7.81, Dindar [75 ] 256 247 (97%) M 18.6, SD = 4, 10–47 Turkey Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Control of task Flow State Scale 2 questionnaire [110 ] β = .50, t = 5.47, Dindar [75 ] 256 247 (97%) M 18.6, SD = 4, 10-47 Turkey Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Loss of self-consciousness Flow State Scale 2 questionnaire [110 ] β = .28, t = 3.48, Dindar [75 ] 256 247 (97%) M 18.6, SD = 4, 10-47 Turkey Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Merge of actions and cognition Flow State Scale 2 questionnaire [110 ] β = .59, t = 4.78, Dindar [75 ] 256 247 (97%) M 18.6, SD = 4, 10-47 Turkey Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Autotelic experience Flow State Scale 2 questionnaire [110 ] β = .93, t = 7.74, Dindar [75 ] 256 247 (97%) M 18.6, SD = 4, 10-47 Turkey Social Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Daily playtime Daily hours spent on MMORPGs β =1.00, t = 3.26, Dindar [75 ] 256 247 (97%) M 18.6, SD = 4, 10-47 Turkey Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Status seeking in MMORPGs Status seeking scale [111 , 112 ] β = .89, t = 8.55, Dindar [75 ] 256 247 (97%) M 18.6, SD = 4, 10-47 Turkey Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [27 ]) Control of task Flow State Scale 2-questionnaire [110 ] β = .28, t = 3.42, Chang & Zhang [55 ]. 347 201 (58%) M Junior high-university and more China Self-confidence and achievement Scale measuring motivation [113 ] Materialism Material values scale [114 ] β = .55, Chang & Zhang [55 ] 347 201 (58%) M Junior high-university and more China Escape and virtual identifications Scale measuring motivation [113 ] Materialism Material values scale [114 ] β = .34, Chang & Zhang [55 ] 347 201 (58%) M Junior high-university and more China Reward Scale measuring motivation [113 ] Materialism Material values scale [114 ] β = .27, Chang & Zhang [55 ] 347 201 (58%) M Junior high-university and more China Entertainment Scale measuring motivation [113 ] Materialism Material values scale [114 ] β = .29, Chang & Zhang [55 ] 347 201 (58%) M Junior high-university and more China Entertainment Scale measuring motivation [113 ] Attitude towards online games Attitude test [115 ] β = .38, Chang & Zhang [55 ] 347 201 (58%) M Junior high-university and more China Sociability Scale measuring motivation [113 ] Attitude towards online games Attitude test [115 ] β = .15, Chang & Zhang [55 ] 347 201 (58%) M Junior high-university and more China Self-confidence and achievement Scale measuring motivation [113 ] Attitude towards online games Attitude test [115 ] β = .11, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (F = 3.88, sd = 1.42; M = 4.39, sd =1.20), t-test = 5.38, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (F = 2.42, sd = 1.50; M =3.00, sd = 1.57), t-test = 5.29, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (F = 2.76, sd = 1.49; M = 3.27, sd = 1.46), t-test = 4.97, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Extrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (F = 3.03, sd = 1.55; M = 3.47, sd = 1.48), t-test = 4.28, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gamer classification Being a gamer (G) or not (NG) Mean (G = 4.67, sd = 1.04; NG = 3.25, sd = 1.26), F(1, 971) = 220.67, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gamer classification Being a gamer (G) or not (NG) Mean (G = 3.43, sd = 1.49; NG = 1.49, sd = 0.64), F(1, 972) = 347.56, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gamer classification Being a gamer (G) or not (NG) Mean (G = 3.67, sd = 1.37; NG = 1.90, sd = 0.90), F(1, 971) = 312.60, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gamer classification Being a gamer (G) or not (NG) Mean (G = 2.00, sd =1.07; NG = 1.26, sd = 0.46), F(1, 971) = 92.69, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Extrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Gamer classification Being a gamer (G) or not (NG) Mean (G = 3.73, sd = 1.45; NG =2.48, sd = 1.28), F(1, 971) = 96.81, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Frequency of use Frequency of use of games between gamers (G) and nongamers (NG) Mean (G = 4.39, sd =1.20; NG = 3.20, sd = 1.39), F(1, 972) = 17.82, Argento et al. [116 ]. 973 680 (69.90%) M 23.32, SD = 4.70 Online Extrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ]) Frequency of use Frequency of use of games between gamers (G) and nongamers (NG Mean (G = 3.51, sd = 1.48; NG = 2.26, sd = 1.29), F(1, 972) = 21.47, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Habit Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male F (16, 633) = 21.02, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Recreativity Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male F (16, 633) = 25.63, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Escapism Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male F (16, 633) = 11.22, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Narrative Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male F (16, 633) = 20.21, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Performance Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male F (16, 633) =32, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Social Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male F (16, 633) = 50.71, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Habit Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male F (16, 1266) = 5.32, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Recreativity Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male F (16, 1266) = 5.37, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Escapism Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male F (16, 1266) = 6.65, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Pastime Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male mean (GE =2.34, sd = .07; SG = 3.54, sd = .11), US = 3.46, sd = .06); F (16, 1266) = 15.9, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Social Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male mean (GE =2.34, sd = .06; SG = 2.68, sd = .10), US = 2.71, sd = .05); F (16, 1266) = 15.9, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Habit Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Genre choice All genres included (casual, racing, strategy, sport, platform, action, shooter, RPG, Music, Fighting, MMORPG, building, and simulation) F (13, 607) = 5.11, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Reactivity Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Genre choice All genres included (casual, racing, strategy, sport, platform, action, shooter, RPG, Music, Fighting, MMORPG, building, and simulation) F (13, 607) = 2.42, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Narrative Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Genre choice All genres included (casual, racing, strategy, sport, platform, action, shooter, RPG, Music, Fighting, MMORPG, building, and simulation) F (13, 607) = 1.89, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Pastime Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Genre choice All genres included (casual, racing, strategy, sport, platform, action, shooter, RPG, Music, Fighting, MMORPG, building, and simulation) F (13, 607) = 1.92, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Social Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Genre choice All genres included (casual, racing, strategy, sport, platform, action, shooter, RPG, Music, Fighting, MMORPG, building, and simulation) F (13, 607) = 5.55, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Agency Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Genre choice Sport games β = -.15, F(13, 607) = 3.77, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Pastime Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Genre choice Casual games β = .20, F(13, 607) = 8.23, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Pastime Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Genre choice Action games β = - .16, F(13, 607) = 8.58, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Performance Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Genre choice Action games β = .15, F(13, 607) = 4.42, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Habit Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Future intention to play Participants were asked how much they expect to play digital games during the coming six months. β = .23, F(1, 631) = 28.89, Ratan et al. [50 ]. 647 292 M SG = 20.73, SD = 20.73 Singapore, United States, Germany Social Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Future intention to play Participants were asked how much they expect to play digital games during the coming six months. β = - .10, F(1, 631) = 4.38, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Competition Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Openness Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = .176, β = .205, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Competition Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Instability Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = .180, β = .209, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Challenge Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Openness Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = .297, β = .318, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Social Interaction Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Instability Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = .224, β = .224, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Social Interaction Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Agreeableness Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = - .157, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Diversion Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Extroversion Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = -.238, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Diversion Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Conscientiousness Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = -.301, β = - .253, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Diversion Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Agreeableness Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = -.185, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Diversion Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Instability Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = .272, β = .210, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Fantasy Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Instability Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = .309, β = .201, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Fantasy Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Agreeableness Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = - .306, β = - .193, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Arousal Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Instability Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = .212, β = .212, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Arousal Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Agreeableness Five-Factor Model [117 ] r = -.168, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Challenge Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Extroversion Five-Factor Model [117 ] β = - .160, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Diversion Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Openness to experience Five-Factor Model [117 ] β = .163, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Challenge Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Time spent playing Time spent playing during the week days r = .171, β = .171, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Challenge Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Time spent playing Time spent playing during the weekend r = .271, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Diversion Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Time spent playing Time spent playing during the weekend r = .182, β = .182, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Challenge Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Traditional game genre r = .256, β = .202, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Arousal Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Traditional game genre r = .228, β = .160, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Competition Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Physical genre game r = .161, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Challenge Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Physical genre game r = .232, β = .232, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Fantasy Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Physical genre game r = .249, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Arousal Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Physical genre game r = .242, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Competition Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Imagination game genre r = .160, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Challenge Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Imagination game genre r = .204, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Social interaction Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Imagination game genre r = .190, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Fantasy Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Imagination game genre r = .298, β = .298, Kim [40 ]. 183 58 (31.7%) M 20.39, SD = 3.04, 18-36 United states Arousal Smartphone Gaming Motivations [40 ] Game Genre Imagination game genre r = .287, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = - .17, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = -.46, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = -.20, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = -.18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = -.34, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = -.42, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = -.15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = 23, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .32, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .24, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .34, β = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .37, β = .19, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .28, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .19, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .26, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .39, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .37, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .48, β = .30, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Social interaction VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .51, β = .29, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .36, β = .12, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .31, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .23, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .32, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .21, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .20, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .40, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .47, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .20, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; MOBA Game genre r = .20, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; MOBA Game genre r = .12, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; MOBA Game genre r = .15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Strategy Game genre r = -.15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]); MMORPG Game genre r = .14, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Role playing Game genre r = .15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Action-adventure Game genre r = .19, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Action-adventure Game genre r = .14, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Action-adventure Game genre r = .12, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Action-adventure Game genre r = .22, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Sport Game genre r = .25, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Sport Game genre r = .15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Sport Game genre r = -.12, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Casual Game genre r = -.12, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Casual Game genre r = -.19, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Social simulation Game genre r = -.26, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Social simulation Game genre r = -.15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Social simulation Game genre r = -.15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Social simulation Game genre r = -.20, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Social simulation Game genre r = -.25, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Social simulation Game genre r = .27, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Construction Game genre r = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Construction Game genre r = .12, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Platform Game genre r = -.18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Platform Game genre r = -.11, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Platform Game genre r = -.17, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 407 278 (68.2%) M 14.99, SD = 1.13 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Platform Game genre r = -.22, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Age Participants were asked of their age r = .14, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Age Participants were asked of their age r = .19, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Age Participants were asked of their age r = .15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = - .30, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = - .36, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = - .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = - .16, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = -.40, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = -.46, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Gender Female or male r = - .17, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .29, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .12, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .24, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .42, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .21, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Gaming hours Numbers of hours played weekly r = .24, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .29, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .28, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .21, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .39, β = .21, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Social interaction VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .41, β = .19, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .43, β = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) r = .34, β = .17, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Disordered gaming Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test, [118 ]) β = -.15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .26, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .13, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .30, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .37, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .13, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Shooter Game genre r = .25, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; MOBA Game genre r = .19, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; MOBA Game genre r = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; MOBA Game genre r = .43, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Strategy Game genre r = - .14, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; MMORPG Game genre r = .15, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; MMORPG Game genre r = .13, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; MMORPG Game genre r = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; MMORPG Game genre r = .26, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; MMORPG Game genre r = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Role playing Game genre r = .23, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Role playing Game genre r = .17, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Role playing Game genre r = .14, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Role playing Game genre r = .20, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Role playing Game genre r = .30, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Action adventure Game genre r = .20, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Cognitive development VMQ [28 ]; Action adventure Game genre r = .17, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Coping VMQ [28 ]; Action adventure Game genre r = .22, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Action adventure Game genre r = .24, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Action adventure Game genre r = .32, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Sport Game genre r = .19, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent Reward VMQ [28 ]; Sport Game genre r = .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Recreation VMQ [28 ]; Casual Game genre r = - .18, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Competition VMQ [28 ]; Casual Game genre r = - .26, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Casual Game genre r = - .31, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Casual Game genre r = - .34, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Casual Game genre r = - .16, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Casual Game genre r = - .29, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Social Interaction VMQ [28 ]; Social simulation Game genre r = -.16, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Customization VMQ [28 ]; Social simulation Game genre r = .35, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Fantasy VMQ [28 ]; Social simulation Game genre r = .13, López-Fernández et al. [28 ] 260 109 (41.9%) M 20.54, SD = 3.63 Spain Violent reward VMQ [28 ]; Fighting Game genre r = .13, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = - .15, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = - .27, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Discovery Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = .14, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male r = -.20, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Discovery Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male r = .15, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Hours played Hours played per week r = .37, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Hours played Hours played per week r = .25, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Hours played Hours played per week r = .25, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Relationship Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Hours played Hours played per week r = .18, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Customization Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Hours played Hours played per week r = .37, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Escapism Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Hours played Hours played per week r = .26, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Years playing Participants were asked how long they have been playing WoW r = .16, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Place of playing Playing in cybercafé r = .18, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Place of playing Playing in cybercafé r = .16, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Excessive use Internet Addiction Test (IAT, [119 ]) r = .47, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Excessive use Internet Addiction Test (IAT, [119 ]) r = .26, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Excessive use Internet Addiction Test (IAT, [119 ]) r = .30, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Role play Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Excessive use Internet Addiction Test (IAT, [119 ]) r = .20, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Customization Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Excessive use Internet Addiction Test (IAT, [119 ]) r = .24, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Escapism Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Excessive use Internet Addiction Test (IAT, [119 ]) r = .48, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Socializing Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Affiliated with a guild Player’s behaviour r = .17, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Relationship Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Total progression Player’s behaviour r = .15, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Teamwork Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Total progression Player’s behaviour r = .17, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Total progression Player’s behaviour r = .26, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Total progression Player’s behaviour r = .24, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Relationship Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Total progression Player’s behaviour r = .15, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Discovery Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Total progression Player’s behaviour r = .16, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Miscellaneous Player’s behaviour r = .19, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Miscellaneous Player’s behaviour r = .16, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Discovery Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Miscellaneous Player’s behaviour r = .24, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Discovery Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Quests Player’s behaviour r = .28, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Discovery Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Explorations Player’s behaviour r = .34, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Players vs. player Player’s behaviour r = .30, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Player vs. player Player’s behaviour r = .21, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Player vs. player Player’s behaviour r = .39, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Player’s behaviour Player’s behaviour r = .33, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Dungeons and raids Player’s behaviour r = .31, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Relationship Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Dungeons and raids Player’s behaviour r = .18, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Teamwork Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Dungeons and raids Player’s behaviour r = .19, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Server PvP Type of server r = .23, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Server PvE Type of server r = - .22, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Role play Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Server RP Type of server r = .14, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Teamwork Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Global index Progression in game β = .11, t = 2.31, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Discovery Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Global index Progression in game β = .17, t = 3.37, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) PvP index Progression in game β = .16, t =3.02, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) PvE index Progression in game β = .13, t = 2.53, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Teamwork Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) PvE index Progression in game β = .16, t = 3.31, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Customization Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) PvE index Progression in game β = - .12, t = - 2.32, Billieux et al. [71 ]. 690 601 (87.10%) M 26.22, SD = 8.14, 18-66 Online Discovery Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) PvE index Progression in game β = .16, t = 3.06, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Relationship Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Gender Female or male mean (M = 9.08, sd = 2.15; F = 10.00, sd = 2.21); t = - 11.05, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Manipulation Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Gender Female or male mean (M = 5.18, sd =1.86; F = 4.39, sd = 1.48); t = 11.16, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Immersion Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Gender Female or male mean (M = 6.87, sd = 1.49; F = 7.09, sd = 1.49); t = - 3.85, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Escapism Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Gender Female or male mean (M = 6.81, sd = 1.25; F = 7.00, sd = 1.22); t = - 3.48, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Achievement Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Gender Female or male mean (M = 8.06, sd = 1.48; F = 7.22, sd = 1.49); t = 14.70, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Manipulation Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Age Age of male players r = -.33, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Achievement Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Age Age of male players r = - .27, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Manipulation Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Age Age of female players r = - .15, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Immersion Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Age Age of female players r = - .13, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Relationship Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Hours of usage per week Hours played by males r = .22, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Relationship Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Hours of usage per week Hours played by males r = 22, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Escapism Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Hours of usage per week Hours played by females r = .16, Yee [25 ] 6675 5939 M 26.70, SD = 8.84, 11-68 Online Escapism Ad hoc questionnaire to measure MMORPG motivations [25 ] Hours of usage per week Hours played by females r = .14, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of male players r = -.35, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of female players r = -.26, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by males r = .22, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by females r = .12, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of male players r = -30, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of female players r = -.24, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by males r = .20, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by females r = .10, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of male players r = - .15, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of female players r = - .08, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by males r = .17, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by females r = .12, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of male players r = - .34, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of female players r = - .27, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by males r = .06, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Social Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of male players r = - .16, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Social Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by females r = .11, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Socializing Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of male players r = - .08, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Socializing Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by females r = .07, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Relationship Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of male players r = - .08, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Relationship Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by males r = .11, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Relationship Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by females r = .15, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Teamwork Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of male players r = - .14, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of female players r = - .13, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by males r = .09, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Discovery Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of female players r = - .16, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Customization Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of male players r = - .13, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Customization Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Age Age of female players r = - .12, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Escapism Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by males r = .11, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Escapism Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gaming hours Gaming hours played weekly by females r = .11, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Escapism Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Problematic gaming Internet addiction [120 ] β = 0.31, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Problematic gaming Internet addiction [120 ] β = 0.17, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (M = .10, sd = .99; F = -.66, sd = .82); t = 15.18, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Advancement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (M = .07, sd =1.00; F = -.48, sd = .86); t = 10.90, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Mechanics Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (M = .09, sd = .98; F = -.61, sd = .89); t = 13.93, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Competition Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean(M = .06, sd =1.01; F = -.43, sd = .76); t = - 10.47, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Social Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (M = -.05, sd = .98; F = .30, sd =1.07); t = - 6.83, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Socializing Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (M = - .03, sd =1.00; F = .18, sd =1.01); t = -4.03, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Relationship Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (M = -.10, sd = .98; F = .62, sd = .98); t = -14.29, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (M = - .06, sd =1.00; F = .38, sd = .93);t = - 8.45, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Role play Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (M = - .02, sd = .99; F = .16, sd = 1.06); t = - 3.57, Yee [26 ] 3200 2769 M — Online Customization Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender Female or male Mean (M = -.07, sd =1.00; F = .46, sd = .088); t = - 10.47, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China General motivations Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Internet Gaming Disorder Symptoms Questionnaire based on DSM-5 [121 ] β = .45, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China Escape Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Internet gaming disorder symptoms Questionnaire based on DSM-5 [121 ] β = .30, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China Skill development Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Internet gaming disorder symptoms Questionnaire based on DSM - 5 [121 ] β = - .26, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China General motivation Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Gender Female or male d = .95, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China Escape Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Gender Female or male d = .62, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China Escape Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = .19, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China Fantasy Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = .14, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China Skill development Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = .19, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China General motivation Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = -.25, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China General motivation Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Student Occupation d = .42, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China Coping Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Single player Style of playing d = .53, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China Competition Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Single player Style of playing d = .57, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China Social Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Single player Style of playing d = 1.28, Wu et al. [121 ]. 383 209 (54.6%) M 23.7, SD = 6.7, 18-82 China General motivation Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Single player Style of playing d =1.00, Bányai et al. [122 ]. 4284 3851 (89.89%) M 23.08, SD =6.57, 14-58 Hungary Social Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Type of gamer Recreational (R) or Esport gamers (E) Mean (R = 2.26, sd = .97; E = 2.80, sd = 1.03), t = 7.74, Bányai et al. [122 ]. 4284 3851 (89.89%) M 23.08, SD =6.57, 14-58 Hungary Competition Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Type of gamer Recreational (R) or Esport gamers (E) Mean (R = 2.63, sd = 1.10; E = 2.59, sd = 1.10), t = 10.44, Bányai et al. [122 ]. 4284 3851 (89.89%) M 23.08, SD =6.57, 14-58 Hungary Skill development Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Type of gamer Recreational (R) or Esport gamers (E) Mean (R = 2.98, sd =1.18; E = 2.95, sd =1.18), t = 8.01, Bányai et al. [122 ]. 4284 3851 (89.89%) M 23.08, SD =6.57, 14-58 Hungary Escapism Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Gaming disorder Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10, [90 ]) β (Esport) = .49, β (recreational) = .49, Bányai et al. [122 ]. 4284 3851 (89.89%) M 23.08, SD =6.57, 14-58 Hungary Coping Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Gaming disorder Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10, [90 ]) β (recreational) = - .08, Bányai et al. [122 ]. 4284 3851 (89.89%) M 23.08, SD =6.57, 14-58 Hungary Fantasy Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Gaming disorder Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10, [90 ]) β (recreational) = - .05, Bányai et al. [122 ]. 4284 3851 (89.89%) M 23.08, SD =6.57, 14-58 Hungary Recreation Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Gaming disorder Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10, [90 ]) β (recreational) = .08, Bányai et al. [122 ]. 4284 3851 (89.89%) M 23.08, SD =6.57, 14-58 Hungary Competition Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Gaming disorder Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10, [90 ]) β (Esport) = .14, β (recreational) = .12, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Habit Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Frequency of play Players were asked if how much they expected to play in the course of the following week r = .58, β = .381, Frederik, & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Social Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Frequency of play Players were asked if how much they expected to play in the course of the following week r = .43, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Performance Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Frequency of play Players were asked if how much they expected to play in the course of the following week r = .34, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Agency Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Frequency of play Players were asked if how much they expected to play in the course of the following week r = .29, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Escapism Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Frequency of play Players were asked if how much they expected to play in the course of the following week r = .23, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Moral Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Frequency of play Players were asked if how much they expected to play in the course of the following week r = .45, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Habit Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Duration of an average session Average session in hours played per day r = .27, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Social Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Duration of an average session Average session in hours played per day r = .41, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Narrative Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Duration of an average session Average session in hours played per day r = .23, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Performance Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Duration of an average session Average session in hours played per day r = .27, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Agency Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Duration of an average session Average session in hours played per day r = .21, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Escapism Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Duration of an average session Average session in hours played per day r = -28, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Moral Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Duration of an average session Average session in hours played per day r = .31, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Habit Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Play How frequently the participants played with some friends r = .43, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Social Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Play How frequently the participants played with some friends r = .34, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Performance Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Play How frequently the participants played with some friends r = .25, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Agency Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Play How frequently the participants played with some friends r = .21, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Habit Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Coplay How frequently each pair played together r = .29, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Social Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Coplay How frequently each pair played together r = .36, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Habit Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Talk How frequently they talked with their friends about games r = .37, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Social Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Talk How frequently they talked with their friends about games r = .28, Frederik & Jan [123 ]. 100 67 M 16.39, SD = 1.81; 12-20 Belgium Moral Digital Games Motivation Scale (DGMS; [35 ]) Gender Female or male β = - .41, Williams et al. [124 ]. 7000 5656 (80.80%) M 31.16, SD = 9.65, 12-65 Online Immersion Gaming motivations [124 ] Playing time Hours played per week β = - .11, Williams et al. [124 ]. 7000 5656 (80.80%) M 31.16, SD = 9.65, 12-65 Online Sociability Gaming motivations [124 ] Playing time Hours played per week β = .10, Williams et al. [124 ]. 7000 5656 (80.80%) M 31.16, SD = 9.65, 12-65 Online Achievement Gaming motivations [124 ] Playing time Hours played per week β = .12, Williams et al. [124 ]. 7000 5656 (80.80%) M 31.16, SD = 9.65, 12-65 Online Exploration Gaming motivations [124 ] Playing time Hours played per week r = - .01, Williams et al. [124 ]. 7000 5656 (80.80%) M 31.16, SD = 9.65, 12-65 Online Role Play Gaming motivations [124 ] Playing time Hours played per week r = -.07, Williams et al. [124 ]. 7000 5656 (80.80%) M 31.16, SD = 9.65, 12-65 Online Customization Gaming motivations [124 ] Playing time Hours played per week r = -.02, Williams et al. [124 ]. 7000 5656 (80.80%) M 31.16, SD = 9.65, 12-65 Online Escapism Gaming motivations [124 ] Playing time Hours played per week r = .02, Chua et al. [125 ] 319 232 (72.7%) M 22.09, SD = 22.1, 18-35 Malaysia Intrinsic motivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ] Gaming addiction Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) r = .228, Chua et al. [125 ] 319 232 (72.7%) M 22.09, SD = 22.1, 18-35 Malaysia Integrated regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ] Gaming addiction Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) r = .443, β = .133, Chua et al. [125 ] 319 232 (72.7%) M 22.09, SD = 22.1, 18-35 Malaysia Identified regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ] Gaming addiction Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) r = .293, Chua et al. [125 ] 319 232 (72.7%) M 22.09, SD = 22.1, 18-35 Malaysia Introjected regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ] Gaming addiction Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) r = .570, β = .331, Chua et al. [125 ] 319 232 (72.7%) M 22.09, SD = 22.1, 18-35 Malaysia External regulation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ] Gaming addiction Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) r = .296, Chua et al. [125 ] 319 232 (72.7%) M 22.09, SD = 22.1, 18-35 Malaysia Amotivation Gaming Motivation Scale (GAMS, [32 ] Gaming addiction Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) r = .392, β = .112, Chua et al. [125 ] 319 232 (72.7%) M 22.09, SD = 22.1, 18-35 Malaysia Engagement Gaming Experience Questionnaire [126 ] Gaming addiction Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF, [89 ]) β = .289, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Social MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 90) = 0.373, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Achievement MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 45) = 0.388, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Skill development MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 45) = 0.179, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Competition MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 45) = 0.411, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Competition MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 90) = 0.891, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Skill development MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 90) = 5.15, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Achievement MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 90) = 3.85, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Achievement MOGQ [22 ] Emotionality TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 45) = 18.62, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Coping MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 45) = 4.2, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Recreation MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 45) = 13.64, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Escape MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 45) = 1.83, Viswanathan [53 ] 92 76 M 18-30 Online Fantasy MOGQ [22 ] Emotional intelligence TEIQue (TEIQue–SF; [127 , 128 ]). F (1, 45) = .388, Kneer et al. [76 ] 375 (54.9%) M 31.71, SD = 11.06 Online Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Negative masculine attributes Gender variables [76 ]. β (model 2) = .38, β (model 3) = .38, Kneer et al. [76 ] 375 (54.9%) M 31.71, SD = 11.06 Online Social interaction Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Positive feminine attributes Gender variables [76 ]. β (model 2) = .27, β (model 3) = .24, Kneer et al. [76 ] 375 (54.9%) M 31.71, SD = 11.06 Online Immersion Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Negative feminine attributes Gender variables [76 ]. β (model 2) = .23, β (model 3) = .23, Kneer et al. [76 ] 375 (54.9%) M 31.71, SD = 11.06 Online Escapism (immersion) Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Game play addiction IGD-20 Test [89 ] β (model 2) = .19, β (model 3) = .19, Kneer et al. [76 ] 375 (54.9%) M 31.71, SD = 11.06 Online Social interaction Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Gender affiliation Gender affiliation [76 ] β (model 3) = .22, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Achievement Motivations for gaming [36 ] Age Age of the participants r = -.17, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Achievement Motivations for gaming [36 ] Hours per week Numbers of hours played weekly r = .16, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Achievement Motivations for gaming [36 ] Playing in a group Play with a group of people r = .19, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Achievement Motivations for gaming [36 ] Playing PvP Play against other players r = .33, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Socializing Motivations for gaming [36 ] Age Age of the participants r = -.16, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Socializing Motivations for gaming [36 ] Hours per week Numbers of hours played weekly r = .15, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Socializing Motivations for gaming [36 ] Playing in a group Play with a group of people r = .35, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Socializing Motivations for gaming [36 ] Playing solo Playing without other people r = -.18, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Immersion Motivations for gaming [36 ] Playing in a group Play with a group of people r = .18, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Immersion Motivations for gaming [36 ] Playing solo Playing without other people r = .28, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Immersion Motivations for gaming [36 ] Playing PvE Playing against the environment r = .37, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Immersion Motivations for gaming [36 ] Role playing Role playing inside the game r = .14, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Relaxing Motivations for gaming [36 ] Playing PvE Playing against the environment r = .16, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Escaping Motivations for gaming [36 ] Hours per week Numbers of hours played weekly r = .13, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Escaping Motivations for gaming [36 ] Gender Female or male β = 0.08, t(694) =3.00, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Escaping Motivations for gaming [36 ] Marital Status Being single or not t(694) = 3.17, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Relaxing Motivations for gaming [36 ] Professional status Professional, student or without any activities t(694) = 2.68, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Socializing Motivations for gaming [36 ] Type of household Having children or not t(694) = 4.16, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Achievement Motivations for gaming [36 ] Marital status Being alone or not t(694) = – 3.12; Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Achievement Motivations for gaming [36 ] Gaming addiction Internet Addiction ([36 ]; adapted from [120 ]) r = .35, β = .36, t = 10.32, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Escaping Motivations for gaming [36 ] Gaming addiction Internet Addiction ([36 ]; adapted from [120 ]) r = .23, β = .25, t = 7.11, Dauriat et al. [36 ]. 696 648 M 25.38, SD = 7.36, 13-54 Online Socializing Motivations for gaming [36 ] Gaming addiction Internet Addiction ([36 ]; adapted from [120 ]) β = .10, t = 2.98, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Social interaction Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Gender Female or male d > 1.0 Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); Eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Diversion Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (college) = .29, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Social interaction Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (college) = .24, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Arousal Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (college) = .11, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Diversion Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (11th grader) = .24, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Social interaction Video Game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (11th grader) = .31, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Arousal Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (11th grader) = .16, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Diversion Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (8th grader) = .21, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), Eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Social interaction Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (8th grader) = .47, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), ighschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Strong Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (5th grader) = .31, Sherry et al. [29 ]. 1265 University (321-58% F, 229-42% M), highschool (168-53% F, 150-47% M); eighth graders (125-55% F, 102-45% M); fourth and fifth grade elementary (70-50% F, 71-50% M) University (19.68, 18-23); highschool (16.56, 16-18), eighth graders (13.84, 13-16); fourth and fifth grade elementary (10.15, 9-11) United States Competition Video game uses and gratifications [29 ] Amount of play Hours played weekly β (5th grader) = .29, Johnson et al. [129 ]. 573 470 (82%) M 20.73, SD = 5.71, 13-54 Australia Competence PENS [30 ] Hours played Average length of time they play each week β = .10, Johnson et al. [129 ]. 573 470 (82%) M 20.73, SD = 5.71, 13-54 Australia Autonomy PENS [30 ] Hours played Average length of time they play each week β = .11, Johnson et al. [129 ]. 573 470 (82%) M 20.73, SD = 5.71, 13-54 Australia Relatedness PENS [30 ] Hours played Average length of time they play each week β = .16, Yee et al. [27 ] 2071 1358 M 29.95, SD = 9.20 United States Achievement Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Gender Male (M) or female (F) mean (M = .14, sd = .83; F = .27, sd = .91), t = 10.08, Yee et al. [27 ] 2071 1358 M 29.95, SD = 9.20 United States Social Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Gender Male (M) or female (F) mean (M = -05, sd = .88; F = .09, sd = .90), t = - 3.43, Yee et al. [27 ] 2071 1358 M 29.95, SD = 9.20 United States Immersion Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Gender Male (M) or female (F) mean (M = -.07, sd = .89; F = .13, sd = .87), t = - 4.70, Yee et al. [27 ] 2071 1358 M 29.95, SD = 9.20 United States Achievement Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Age Age of the participants r = .27, Yee et al. [27 ] 2071 1358 M 29.95, SD = 9.20 United States Social Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Age Age of the participants r = -.13, Yee et al. [27 ] 2071 1358 M 29.95, SD = 9.20 United States Immersion Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Age Age of the participants r = -.01, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Achievement Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Quests Behavioural metrics in WoW β = -.21, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Social Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Quests Behavioural metrics in WoW β = -.16, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Immersion Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Quests Behavioural metrics in WoW β = .10, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Achievement Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Exploration Behavioural metrics in WoW β = -.21, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Social Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Exploration Behavioural metrics in WoW β = -09, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Immersion Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Exploration Behavioural metrics in WoW β = .09, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Achievement Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] PvP Behavioural metrics in WoW β = .14, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Immersion Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] PvP Behavioural metrics in WoW β = -.07, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Achievement Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Dungeons Behavioural metrics in WoW β = .28, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Social Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Dungeons Behavioural metrics in WoW β = .18, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Immersion Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Dungeons Behavioural metrics in WoW β = -.10, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Achievement Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Professions Behavioural metrics in WoW β = -.19, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Social Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] Professions Behavioural metrics in WoW β = -.14, Yee et al. [27 ] 645 514 M 23.59, SD = 5.16 Taiwan (406), Hong Kong (239) Achievement Online Gaming Motivations Scale [27 ] World event Behavioural metrics in WoW β = -.11, McCauley et al. [52 ]. 293 137 M 18-36+ Online Autonomy PENS [30 ] Enjoyment Ad hoc instrument (McCauley, Merola & Gumbley, based on [30 , 95 ]) β = .244, McCauley et al. [52 ]. 293 137 M 18-36+ Online Entertainment Ad hoc instrument (McCauley et al., based on [130 ]) Enjoyment Ad hoc instrument (McCauley, Merola & Gumbley, based on [30 , 95 ]) β = .493, McCauley et al. [52 ]. 293 137 M 18-36+ Online Flow Ad hoc instrument (McCauley et al., based on [130 ]) Enjoyment Ad hoc instrument (McCauley, Merola & Gumbley, based on [30 , 95 ]) β = .231, Fuster et al. [33 ] 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Exploration Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Years playing Participants were asked for how long they have been playing r = .182, Fuster et al. [33 ] 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Achievement Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Years playing Participants were asked for how long they have been playing r = .132, Fuster et al. [33 ] 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Exploration Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Hours during the week Hours played weekly r = .153, Fuster et al. [33 ] 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Achievement Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Hours during the week Hours played weekly r = .160, Fuster et al. [33 ] 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Dissociation Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Hours during the week Hours played weekly r = .179, Fuster et al. [33 ] 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Socialization Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Hours weekend Hours played during the weekend r = .176, Fuster et al. [33 ] 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Exploration Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Hours weekend Hours played during the weekend r = .230, Fuster et al. [33 ] 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Achievement Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Hours weekend Hours played during the weekend r = .166, Fuster et al. [33 ] 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Dissociation Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Hours weekend Hours played during the weekend r = .308, Fuster et al. [33 ]. 253 253 M 22.2, SD = 4.4, 16-35 Spain Exploration Ad hoc instrument to measure motivations [33 ] Number of avatars Number of avatars possessed r = .189, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Fun Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Play amount Hours played per day r = .14, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Friendship maintenance Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Play amount Hours played per day r = .23, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Friendship initiation Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Play amount Hours played per day r = .24, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Achievement Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Play amount Hours played per day r = .14, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Fun Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Bonding capital Social Capital Scale (Williams, 2006) r = .18, β = .28, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Escapism Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Bonding capital Social Capital Scale (Williams, 2006) r = - .16, β = - .20, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Friendship maintenance Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Bridging capital Social Capital Scale (Williams, 2006) r = .20, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Relationship initiation Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Bridging capital Social Capital Scale (Williams, 2006) r = .24, β = .24, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Fun Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Bridging capital Social Capital Scale (Williams, 2006) r = .16, β = .18, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Escapism Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Loneliness UCLA Loneliness Scale [131 ] r = .14, β = .15, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Nostalgia Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Loneliness UCLA Loneliness Scale [131 ] r = .15, β = .18, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Relationship initiation Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Loneliness UCLA Loneliness Scale [131 ] r = .18, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Fun Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Loneliness UCLA Loneliness Scale [131 ] β = - .21, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Fun Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Life satisfaction Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) r = .15, β = .12, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Friendship Maintenance Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Life satisfaction Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) r = .18, p < .01, β = .17, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Escapism Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Life satisfaction Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) β = - .17, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Relationship Initiation Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Life satisfaction Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985) r = .13, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Fun Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Physical health Physical And Environmental Health Subscale (Holistic Health Score sheet; [132 ]) r = .15, β = .19, Yang & Liu [48 ]. 262 144 (55%) M 30.71, SD = 7.77, 18-58 United States Friendship maintenance Pokémon Go motivation scale [48 ] Physical health Physical And Environmental Health Subscale (Holistic Health Score sheet; [132 ]) r = .17, β = .17, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Catharsis Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Age Participants were asked their age r = - .08, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Loss Aversion Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = -.10, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Social Interaction Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = - .17, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Customization Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = - .06, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Grinding Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = -.12, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Autonomy Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = .10, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Story Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = .02, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Violent Reward Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = .02, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Escapism Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Age Participants were asked of their age r = .02, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Story Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Spare time Time spent gaming during spare time β = .23, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Violence Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Spare time Time spent gaming during spare time β = .18, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Social Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Spare time Time spent gaming during spare time β = .12, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Escapism Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Spare time Time spent gaming during spare time β = .24, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Losing Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Spare time Time spent gaming during spare time β = - .16, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Custom Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Spare time Time spent gaming during spare time β = - .08, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Story Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Frequency of use Participants were asked how frequently they played the video games β = - .29, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Violence Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Frequency of use Participants were asked how frequently they played the video games β = - .25, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Social Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Frequency of use Participants were asked how frequently they played the video games β = - .16, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Escapism Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Frequency of use Participants were asked how frequently they played the video games β = - .16, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Losing Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Frequency of use Participants were asked how frequently they played the video games β = .17, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Custom Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Frequency of use Participants were asked how frequently they played the video games β = .09, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Autonomy Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Frequency of use Participants were asked how frequently they played the video games β = - .13, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Story Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Self-described attitude Participants were asked how much of a casual or hardcore gamers they were β = - .13, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Violence Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Self-described attitude Participants were asked how much of a casual or hardcore gamers they were β = - .27, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Social Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Self-described attitude Participants were asked how much of a casual or hardcore gamers they were β = - .09, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Escapism Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Self-described attitude Participants were asked how much of a casual or hardcore gamers they were β = - .16, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Losing Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Self-described attitude Participants were asked how much of a casual or hardcore gamers they were β = .29, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Custom Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Self-described attitude Participants were asked how much of a casual or hardcore gamers they were β = .17, Hilgard et al. [34 ]. 672 531 (79%) M 22.6, SD = 5.51, 17-34 Online Autonomy Gaming Attitudes, Motives, and Experiences Scale (GAMES; [34 ]) Self-described attitude Participants were asked how much of a casual or hardcore gamers they were β = - .16, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Philanthropist Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Extraversion Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .148, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Philanthropist Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Agreeableness Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .191, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Philanthropist Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Conscientiousness Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .159, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Philanthropist Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Openness Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .145, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Socialiser Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Extraversion Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .290, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Socialiser Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Agreeableness Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .272, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Free spirit Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Extraversion Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .152, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Free spirit Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Neuroticism Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = -.204, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Free spirit Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Openness Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .215, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Achiever Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Conscientiousness Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .255, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Disruptor Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Neuroticism Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = - .170, Tondello et al. [44 ]. 133 59 M 23.5, SD = 3.3, 18-36 Canada Player Gamification User Types Hexad Scale [44 ] Conscientiousness Big Five Inventory 10 item short version [91 ] τ = .144, Azadvar & Canossa [46 ] 563 509 M 26.87, SD = 7.94, 16-55 Online Autonomy Ubisoft Perceived Experience Questionnaire (UPEQ, [46 ]) Physical Presence Participants were asked through three items τ = .373, β = .236, Azadvar & Canossa [46 ] 563 509 M 26.87, SD = 7.94, 16-55 Online Competence Ubisoft Perceived Experience Questionnaire (UPEQ, [46 ]) Physical Presence Participants were asked through three items τ = .324, β = .226, Azadvar & Canossa [46 ] 563 509 M 26.87, SD = 7.94, 16-55 Online Relatedness Ubisoft Perceived Experience Questionnaire (UPEQ, [46 ]) Physical Presence Participants were asked through three items τ = .409, β = .519, Azadvar & Canossa [46 ] 563 509 M 26.87, SD = 7.94, 16-55 Online Autonomy Ubisoft Perceived Experience Questionnaire (UPEQ, [46 ]) Days played Recorded by the game τ = .028, β = .119, Azadvar & Canossa [46 ] 563 509 M 26.87, SD = 7.94, 16-55 Online Competence Ubisoft Perceived Experience Questionnaire (UPEQ, [46 ]) Days played Recorded by the game τ = .093, β = .127, Azadvar & Canossa [46 ] 563 509 M 26.87, SD = 7.94, 16-55 Online Relatedness Ubisoft Perceived Experience Questionnaire (UPEQ, [46 ]) Days played Recorded by the game τ = .101, β = .163, Azadvar & Canossa [46 ] 563 509 M 26.87, SD = 7.94, 16-55 Online Autonomy Ubisoft Perceived Experience Questionnaire (UPEQ, [46 ]) Group play time Recorded by the game τ = .03, β = .224, Azadvar & Canossa [46 ] 563 509 M 26.87, SD = 7.94, 16-55 Online Competence Ubisoft Perceived Experience Questionnaire (UPEQ, [46 ]) Group play time Recorded by the game τ = .038, Azadvar & Canossa [46 ] 563 509 M 26.87, SD = 7.94, 16-55 Online Relatedness Ubisoft Perceived Experience Questionnaire (UPEQ, []) Group play time Recorded by the game τ = .07, β = .249, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Competition Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Gender Female or male Mean gender (M = 4.72, F = 4.15), t = 7.59, Greenberg et158 al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Challenge Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Gender Female or male Mean gender (M = 4.52, F = 3.92), t = 6.74, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), Eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Arousal Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Gender Female or male Mean gender (M = 4.46, F = 3.37), t = 11.86, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), Eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Diversion Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Gender Female or male Mean gender (M = 4.36, F = 3.53), t = 8.59, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Social Interaction Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Gender Female or male Mean gender (M =4.30, F = 2.55), t = 17.90, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); Eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Fantasy Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Gender Female or male Mean gender (M = 4.15, F = 3.14), t = 9.45, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Hi-tech Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Gender Female or male Mean gender (M = 3.82, F = 3.17), t = 8.58, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Realism Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Gender Female or male Mean gender (M = 3.13, F = 2.63), t = 6.90, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Ego Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Gender Female or male Mean gender (M = 2.81, F = 2.33), t = 6.29, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Challenge Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Age Participants were asked of their age Mean age (5th grade = 4.66, 8th grade = 3.71; 11th = 3.72, college = 4.76), F = 48.00, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Fantasy Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Age Participants were asked of their age Mean age (5th grade = 4.64, 8th grade = 3.43; 11th = 3.24, college = 3.73), F = 22.66, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Social interaction Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Age Participants were asked of their age Mean age (5th grade = 3.50, 8th grade = 3.21; 11th = 3.24, college = 3.66), F = 4.33, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), Eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Competition Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Age Participants were asked of their age Mean age (5th grade = 3.41, 8th grade = 4.68; 11th = 4.81, college = 4.36), F = 50.91, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Diversion Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Age Participants were asked of their age Mean age (5th grade = 3.39, 8th grade = 3.85; 11th = 4.17, college = 4.00), F = 8.91, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Realism Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Age Participants were asked of their age Mean age (5th grade =3.35, 8th grade =2.89; 11th = 2.70, college = 2.87), F = 9.86, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), Eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Ego Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] Age Participants were asked of their age Mean age (5th grade = 3.22, 8th grade = 2.44; 11th = 2.39, college = 2.54), F = 15.94, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Competition Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 5th graders’ gender Female or male β (female) = .33, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Challenge Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 5th graders’ gender Female or male β (female) = - .41, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Ego Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 5th graders’ gender Female or male β (female) = .69, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Diversion Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 8th graders’ gender Female or male β (male) = .28, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Challenge Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 8th graders’ gender Female or male β (male) = .36, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Social Interaction Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 8th graders’ gender Female or male β (female) = .41, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Diversion Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 8th graders’ gender Female or male β (female) = .33, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Arousal Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 11th graders’ gender Female or male β (male) = .24, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Diversion Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 11th graders’ gender Female or male β (male) = .28, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), Eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Social Interaction Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 11th graders’ gender Female or male β (female) = .23, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Diversion Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] 11th graders’ gender Female or male β (female) = .21, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), Eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Diversion Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] College students’ gender Female or male β (male) = .31, Greenberg et al. [47 ]. 1242 University (170 F, 202 M), 11th graders (167 F, 150 M); eighth graders (125 F, 102 M); fifth grade elementary (69 F, 70 M) University (-) 11th graders (15-17), eighth graders (12-14); fifth grade elementary (9-11) United States Social Interaction Ad hoc Uses and Gratification Questionnaire [47 ] College students’ gender Female or male β (female) = .16, Bong et al. [133 ]. 706 506 (71.7%) M 21.94, SD = 2.33 Malaysia Achievement Motivation to Play in Online Games Questionnaire (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Internet gaming disorder Internet Gaming Disorder scale-short form (IGDS9-SF; [89 ]) β = .049, Bong et al. [133 ]. 706 506 (71.7%) M 21.94, SD = 2.33 Malaysia Social Motivations of Play in Online Games (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Internet Gaming Disorder Internet Gaming Disorder scale - short form (IGDS9 - SF; [89 ]) β = - .143, Bong et al. [133 ]. 706 506 (71.7%) M 21.94, SD = 2.33 Malaysia Immersion Motivations of Play in Online Games (MPOGQ, [26 ]) Internet Gaming Disorder Internet Gaming Disorder scale - short form (IGDS9 - SF; [89 ]) β = .303, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Achievement Motivation to Play [27 ] Self Expansion Ad hoc measures ([51 ]; based on [134 ]) r = .27, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Social Motivation to Play [27 ] Self expansion Ad hoc measures ([51 ]; based on [134 ]) r = .38, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Immersion Motivation to Play [27 ] Self expansion Ad hoc measures ([51 ]; based on [134 ]) r = .61, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Immersion Motivation to Play [27 ] Need for Cognition Need for Cognition [81 ] r = .47, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Social Motivation to Play [27 ] Need for Cognition Need for Cognition [81 ] r = .28, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Achievement Motivation to Play [27 ] Need for Cognition Need for Cognition [81 ] r = .34, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Immersion Motivation to Play [27 ] Bodily Engulfment ESS Engulfing Self Scale (ESS, [135 ]) r = .42, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Achievement Motivation to Play [27 ] Bodily Engulfment ESS Engulfing Self Scale (ESS, [135 ]) r = .28, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Achievement Motivation to Play [27 ] Social Engulfment ESS Engulfing Self Scale (ESS, [135 ]) r = .61, Lowe [51 ] 87 68 M 18-23+ Online Achievement Motivation to Play [27 ] Spatial Engulfment ESS Engulfing Self Scale (ESS, [135 ]) r = .38, Ramos-Diaz et al. [136 ] 821 811 (98.9%) M 19.9, SD = 3.69 Perù Social Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Internet Gaming Disorder Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10, [90 ]) β = -.127, Ramos-Diaz et al. [136 ] 821 811 (98.9%) M 19.9, SD = 3.69 Perù Escape Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ]) Internet Gaming Disorder Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10, [90 ]) β = .966, Ramos-Diaz et al. [136 ] 821 811 (98.9%) M 19.9, SD = 3.69 Perù Fantasy Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ, [22 ) Internet Gaming Disorder Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10, [90 ]) β = .934,
