Enhancing TOEFL Performance and Student Motivation through Integrated Flipped and Gamified Learning in Online Settings

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of students’ pre- and posttest scores.

	Mean	Std. deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis
Listening pretest	49.52	6.83	-1.07	0.80
Listening posttest	53.07	7.34	-0.57	0.76
Structure pretest	45.52	6.09	-0.64	0.74
Structure posttest	46.59	7.54	-1.08	1.59
Reading pretest	41.41	6.16	0.003	-0.30
Reading posttest	44.33	6.16	0.44	-0.02
Overall TOEFL pretest score	455	56.05	-0.59	0.34
Overall TOEFL posttest score	480	63.1	-0.70	0.79