Enhancing TOEFL Performance and Student Motivation through Integrated Flipped and Gamified Learning in Online Settings

Table 2

Descriptive statistics of students’ perceptions.

	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis
Learning enjoyment	4	0.40	0.74	-0.26
Learning anxiety	3.55	0.42	0.49	0.26
Learning motivation	3.79	0.47	0.98	0.36