Enhancing TOEFL Performance and Student Motivation through Integrated Flipped and Gamified Learning in Online Settings

Table 3

Results of Spearman’s correlations.

		Learning anxiety	Learning motivation	Listening posttest	Structure posttest	Reading posttest	Overall TOEFL posttest score
Learning enjoyment		0.28	0.61	0.21	0.36	0.35	0.31
		0.16	0.001	0.30	0.07	0.08	0.12
Learning anxiety			0.32	-0.15	-0.16	-0.03	-0.07
			0.11	0.47	0.44	0.89	0.72
Learning motivation				0.18	0.13	0.16	0.11
				0.38	0.52	0.44	0.59
Listening posttest					0.64	0.56	0.77
					0	0.002	0
Structure posttest						0.71	0.90
						0	0
Reading posttest							0.85
							0

Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).