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Theme | Subtheme | Description | Theme source | US | JP | Total |
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Social aspectsa | Social protocol | Use of polite conventions in speech, including greetings and short confirmations. | Völkel et al. [15] | 26 | 11 | 37 |
Chit-chat | Informal and impersonal speech, especially small talk. | Völkel et al. [15] | 68 | 121 | 189 |
Interpersonal connections | Personal conversations that show a deeper connection and/or a longer-term relationship. | Völkel et al. [15] | 40 | 33 | 73 |
Mutual respect | Both appear to respect each other and treat each other as peers. | Inductive | 33 | 28 | 61 |
Advice | Asking for or receiving advice. | Inductive | 33 | 36 | 75 |
Sounding board | Rants, complaints, or sharing personal woes without the implication of reciprocity. | Inductive | 33 | 36 | 69 |
Ideological engagement | Discussions of opinions, beliefs, ideology, and other deeper, possibly heated subjects. | Inductive | 12 | 29 | 41 |
Harassment | Swear words, put-downs, insults, and other harmful verbal talk. | Inductive | 6 | 1 | 7 |
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VA behaviour | Recommending | Suggests a particular option. | Völkel et al. [15] | 13 | 16 | 29 |
Giving an opinion | Offers ideas or judgments. | Völkel et al. [15] | 27 | 30 | 57 |
Thinking ahead | Foresees and suggests the next course of action without input. | Völkel et al. [15] | 5 | 26 | 31 |
Contradicting | Disagrees, contradicts, or argues with the user. | Völkel et al. [15] | 4 | 3 | 7 |
Humour | Makes jokes and funny comments. | Völkel et al. [15] | 2 | 1 | 3 |
About the user | Such as user preferences. | Völkel et al. [15] | 3 | 9 | 12 |
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VA knowledge | About the environment | Context-aware and connected to other devices. | Völkel et al. [15] | 38 | 46 | 84 |
Technical omnipotence | Provides immediate, accurate, and detailed information. | Inductive | 19 | 43 | 62 |
Trusting the VA with complex Tasks | Carries out socially or professionally risky tasks. | Völkel et al. [15] | 29 | 39 | 68 |
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User behaviourb | Giving the VA the lead | Allows the partner to take control or relies on the partner to go first. | Völkel et al. [15] | 67 | 51 | 118 |
Grounding behaviour | Indicates understanding of user input with short affirmatives or repetitions of the user’s speech. | Vtyurina and Fourney [69] | 17 | 8 | 25 |
Implicit next | Without asking a question or saying “next,” the partner knows to continue and/or respond. | Vtyurina and Fourney [69] | 57 | 62 | 119 |
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Discourse features | Plain language/tameguchic | Japanese: informal language suggesting power differentials or psychological closeness [71]. | Inductive | | 102 | |
Gendered language | Gendered pronouns, words, names, etc. | Inductive | 8 | 2 | 10 |
Slang | Very informal and possibly offensive words or phrases. | Inductive | 6 | 11 | 17 |
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