A DOA Estimation Method Based on an Improved Transformer Model for Uniform Linear Arrays with Low SNR

Figure 5

DOA estimates at the off-grid angles for −10 dB and 500 snapshots. The DOA estimates of (a) the proposed method, (b) MUSIC, (c) TLS-ESPRIT, (d) -SVD, (e) CNN, (f) CNNsimple, and (g) CNNMIMO. The DOA estimation errors of (h) the proposed method, (i) CNN, (j) CNNsimple, and (k) CNNMIMO.

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