A DOA Estimation Method Based on an Improved Transformer Model for Uniform Linear Arrays with Low SNR

Figure 9

DOA estimates at the off-grid angles for −10 dB and 400 snapshots. The DOA estimates of (a) the proposed method, (b) MUSIC, (c) TLS-ESPRIT, (d) -SVD, (e) CNN, (f) CNNsimple, and (g) CNNMIMO. The DOA estimation errors of (h) the proposed method, (i) CNN, (j) CNNsimple, and (k) CNNMIMO. The proposed method has the best performance with an RMSE of 1.0544.

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