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| Study type and name | Year* and Reference | Characteristic features |
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| Field study: Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX), Salt Lake, USA | 2000; [29] | Experiments to assess vertical transport and mixing of various parameters for mountain slope flows (e.g. heat, air pollution, etc.) |
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| Field study: URBAN 2000 | 2000; [74] | (i) Conducted simultaneously with the VTMX study in Salt,Lake, USA.
(ii) Assess tracer dispersion in street canyons due to synoptic and thermally driven winds (part of the data from URBAN 2000 was also used for the VTMX study). |
|
| Field study in Lower Fraser valley, British Columbia, Canada, | 2001; [30] | (i) Water channel measurements were also performed for some cases.
(ii) Return flows that opposed upslope flows were observed. |
|
| Field study at PICO-NARE observatory on Pico mountains, Azores island, North Atlantic Ocean | 2004; [75] | (i) Study of buoyancy driven flows and their influence on mountain top observatories during low synoptic winds.
(ii) Isoprene concentrations (generated from vegetation at the bottom) on the mountain top reduced due to upslope flows. |
|
| Field study at Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mountains, Czech Republic | 2004; [76] | (i) Night time slope flows over a mountain with a dense forest at the foot of the hill were studied.
(ii) Katabatic flows measured using sonic anemometers, with flow reversal (similar to [28]), were observed. |
|
| ADVEX field study, Bolzano, Italy | 2005; [77] | (i) Study was carried out in a mountainous terrain surrounded by forests at the bottom; measurements were carried out using sonic anemometer (wind) and infrared gas analyzer (CO2 and H2O).
(ii) Synoptic winds above the canopy affected the classical slope wind phenomenon (upslope in daytime and downslope at night) significantly. |
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| Field study: Meteor Crater Experiment (METCRAX), Winslow, Northern Arizona, USA | 2006; [78] | (i) SODAR, Radar wind profiler used for the measurements of downslope flows.
(ii) The flows were not influenced by soil moisture and surface roughness. |
|
| Field study: Transition flow experiment (TRANSFLEX), Phoenix, USA | 2006; [34] | (i) Study of transition mechanism in mountain slope flows (flow reversal from upslope to downslope).
(ii) Main focus was to assess pollutant concentrations in two of the sites in Phoenix, USA. |
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| Field study: Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment in Spain (SABLES), Valladolid, Spain | 2006; [36] | (i) Study of katabatic winds due to shallow slopes and their effect in reducing pollution levels.
(ii) Use of wind vanes, tethered balloons, and microbarometers to measure meteorological variables, stability, and turbulent parameters. |
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| Water channel measurements of upslope flows over an inclined surface, USA | 2007; [43] | (i) Water channel measurements of upslope flows on an inclined surface were conducted.
(ii) Relationship between Prandtl number and slope flows were developed, besides a critical slope angle beyond which the flow sustains. |
|
| Field study of buoyancy flows in a street canyon at COSMO, Japan | 2008; [16]
2010; [6] | (i) Studies on buoyancy driven flows along building walls of a street canyon were carried out.
(ii) Height and spacing between buildings were found to be major factors affecting the flow. |
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| Field studies at The University of Hong Kong, SAR China | 2008; [14] | (i) Use of infrared camera to assess surface temperatures.
(ii) Study of both slope and wall flows and their influence on city ventilation.
(iii) Use of air changes per hour concept to quantify city ventilation. |
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| Wind tunnel study of buoyancy driven flows in a street canyon, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland | 2012; [79] | Heating of building walls and ground surface induces two vortices within the street canyon and their positions change for different windward wall temperatures. |
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