Research Article
Endophytic Fungal Diversity in Medicinal Plants of Western Ghats, India
Table 2
Colonization frequency∗ of endophytic fungi isolated from plant parts of seven medicinal plant species.
| | Seasons | Monsoon | Winter | | Plant species | TA | RC | P | PHY | EF | CA | ZN | TA | RC | PZ | PHY | EF | CA | ZN | (%) | | Plant Parts | Stem | S | R | S | R | I | St | R | I | S | Rh | R | Stem | S | R | S | R | St | R | I | S | Rh | R |
| | Endophytes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Acremonium strictum | 25.0 | 16.0 | — | 10.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 | — | 2.0 | 9.0 | — | — | — | — | 12.5 |
7.5 | 15.0 | — | 5.0 | 2.5 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 3.5 | — | — | — | — | 9.48 | | Alternaria alternata | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.5 | — | — | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.65 | | Aspergillus terreus | 11.5 | — | 5.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.54 | | Red pycnidia | 5.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.33 | | Botryodiplodia theobromae | 2.5 | 7.5 | — | 2.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.0 | — | 2.5 | — | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.41 | | Cladosporium herbarum | — | — | — | 2.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.20 | | Colletotrichum dematium | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20.0 | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.31 | | C. lindemuthianum | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16.0 | — | — | — | — | 10.0 | 3.5 | — | — | — | — | 6.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.32 | | Chaetomium globosum | 27.5 | — | — | — | — | — | 16.0 | — | — | — | — | — | 1.0 | — | 16.0 | — | 3.5 | — | — | 5.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.51 | | Curvularia lunata | — | — | — | 2.5 | — | — | — | — | 6.0 | 4.0 | — | — | — | — | — | 10.0 | — | 7.5 | — | — | — | — | 2.5 | — | — | — | — | 2.12 | | Fusarium sp. | — | — | — | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.20 | | F. graminearum | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.0 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.69 | | F. oxysporum | 7.5 | 20.0 | 6.0 | — | — | — | — | 1.0 | 3.5 | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | 1.0 | 4.0 | — | — | — | 1.0 | — | 3.01 | | F. solani | 5.0 | 10.0 | — | — | 4.5 | — | 5.0 | — | — | 10.0 | — | — | — | 4.0 | — | — | — | 4.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.81 | | F. pseudonygamai | — | — | — | — | — | 2.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.20 | | F. verticilloides | 21.0 | — | 5.5 | 10.0 | — | 7.5 | | — | — | — | — | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | 11.0 | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.73 | | Gelasinospora spp. | 2.5 | — | — | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.29 | | Heinesia rubi | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.10 | | Memnoniella spp. | 8.5 | 2.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.69 | | Myrothecium verrucaria | 3.0 | — | 7.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.08 | | Nigrospora oryzae | 5.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.33 | | Periconia sp. | — | 17.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.14 | | Pestalotiopsis guepinii | 2.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.13 | | Pestalotiopsis sp. | — | — | — | 5.0 | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.0 | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.59 | | Phoma spp. | 6.0 | 10.0 | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | | — | 9.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.63 | | Phomopsis sp. | 5.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.0 | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.39 | | Penicillium sp. | 10.0 | 4.5 | — | — | 2.0 | — | 1.0 | — | — | 3.0 | — | — | | — | — | — | 2.0 | 5.0 | 2.5 | — | — | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | 2.06 | | P. islandicum | — | — | — | 7.5 | 1.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | 0.55 | | Trichoderma harzianum | — | — | 7.5 | — | — | 4.5 | 3.0 | — | — | — | — | — | 1.5 | — | — | — | — | 5.0 | 1.5 | — | — | — | 5.0 | — | — | 2.0 | — | 1.96 | | T.viride | — | — | — | — | 5.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | 1.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.39 | | Sphaeronema sp. | 2.5 | — | — | 12.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.82 | | Verticillium albo-atrum | — | — | 3.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.0 | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.29 | | Pycnidial forms | — | 7.5 | 15.0 | — | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.47 | | Sterile mycelia | 6.0 | — | 3.5 | 5.0 | — | 1.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | — | 2.0 | — | — | 4.5 | — | — | — | | — | — | — | — | — | 1.44 |
| | Total | 314 | 191 | 107 | 126 | 46 | 47 | 68 | 2 | 44 | 79 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 143 | 72 | 63 | 73 | 34 | 18 | 29 | 20 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1529 | | 314 | 191 | 107 | 172 | 117 | 123 | 22 | 143 | 72 | 63 | 107 | 47 | 45 | 6 | 1529 |
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200 segments were plated for frequency analysis during monsoon and winter seasons; TA: Tylophora asthmatica; RC: Rubia cordifolia; PZ: Plumbago zeylanica; PHY: Phyllanthus amarus; EF: Eryngium foetidum; CA: Centella asiatica; ZN: Zingiber sp.; S: stem; St: stolon; R: root; Rh: rhizome; I: inflorescence.
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