Evaluation and Comparison of Mucormycosis Patients’ Features Undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Prior to and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case-Control Study
Table 1
Demographic and clinical features of patients.
Variable
Total;N = 59
Timeline
COVID-19
Non-COVID-19 period; n = 18
COVID-19period;n = 41
Notinfected;n = 22
Infected;n = 37
Age
49.33 ± 20.52
39.86 ± 25.69
53.49 ± 16.50
0.050
37.11 ± 24.57
56.59 ± 13.45
0.002
Gender
Male
37 (62.7)
10 (55.6)
27 (65.9)
0.451
11 (50.0)
26 (70.3)
0.166
Female
22 (37.3)
8 (44.4)
14 (34.1)
11 (50.0)
11 (29.7)
Comorbid disease
Diabetes mellitus
38 (64.4)
9 (50.0)
29 (70.7)
0.149
10 (45.5)
28 (75.7)
0.026
Hypertension
31 (52.5)
7 (38.9)
24 (58.5)
0.257
8 (36.4)
2 (62.2)
0.065
Cardiovascular
11 (18.6)
3 (16.7)
8 (19.5)
1.000
2 (9.1)
9 (24.3)
0.184
Cerebrovascular Dx
10 (16.9)
3 (16.7)
7 (17.1)
1.000
2 (9.1)
8 (21.6)
0.294
Malignancy
9 (15.3)
4 (22.2)
5 (12.2)
0.434
4 (18.2)
5 (13.5)
0.715
Chronic kidney Dx
8 (13.6)
2 (11.1)
6 (14.6)
1.000
1 (4.5)
7 (18.9)
0.237
Hypothyroidism
5 (8.5)
2 (11.1)
3 (7.3)
0.636
3 (13.6)
2 (5.4)
0.351
Transplantation
5 (8.5)
1 (5.6)
4 (9.8)
1.000
2 (9.1)
3 (8.1)
1.000
PTE or DVT
3 (5.1)
0 (0.0)
3 (7.3)
0.546
0 (0)
3 (8.1)
0.286
Asthma
3 (5.1)
2 (11.1)
1 (2.4)
0.218
2 (9.1)
1 (2.7)
0.549
Chronic liver Dx
2 (3.4)
0 (0.0)
2 (4.9)
1.000
1 (4.5)
1 (2.7)
1.000
Chronic obstructive pulmonary Dx
1 (1.7)
0 (0.0)
1 (2.4)
1.000
1 (4.5)
0 (0)
0.373
HIV
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
—
0 (0)
0 (0)
—
None
4 (6.8)
3 (16.7)
1 (2.4)
0.080
3 (13.6)
1 (2.7)
0.141
Social history
Smoker
8 (13.6)
1 (5.6)
7 (17.1)
0.414
3 (13.6)
5 (13.5)
1.000
Opium
2 (3.4)
1 (5.6)
2 (2.4)
0.521
0 (0.0)
2 (5.4)
0.524
Waterpipe
1 (1.7)
0 (0)
1 (2.4)
1.000
1 (4.5)
0 (0.0)
0.373
Corticosteroid use
Yes
31 (53.4)
6 (33.3)
25 (62.5)
0.039
6 (27.3)
25 (69.4)
0.002
COVID-19 related
19 (63.3)
0 (0)
19 (79.2)
0.001
0 (0)
19 (79.2)
0.001
Non-COVID-19 related
11 (36.7)
6 (100)
5 (20.8)
6 (100)
5 (20.8)
Physical exam, sign, and symptom
Periorbital edema
33 (56.9)
9 (52.9)
24 (58.5)
0.695
9 (40.9)
24 (66.7)
0.063
Necrotic tissue
28 (48.3)
3 (17.6)
25 (61.0)
0.003
6 (27.3)
22 (61.1)
0.016
Impaired vision or blindness
26 (44.8)
8 (47.1)
18 (43.9)
1.000
9 (40.9)
17 (47.2)
0.787
Headache
23 (39.7)
3 (17.6)
20 (48.8)
0.039
6 (27.3)
17 (47.2)
0.171
Frozen eye or loss of motion
10 (17.2)
2 (11.8)
8 (19.5)
0.707
2 (9.1)
8 (22.2)
0.290
Facial edema
9 (15.5)
4 (23.5)
5 (12.2)
0.426
3 (13.6)
6 (16.7)
1.000
Facial pain
9 (15.5)
1 (5.9)
8 (19.5)
0.258
2 (9.1)
7 (19.4)
0.459
Eye pain
8 (13.8)
1 (5.9)
7 (17.1)
0.415
3 (13.6)
5 (13.9)
1.000
Ptosis
8 (13.8)
0 (0.0)
8 (19.5)
0.090
1 (4.5)
7 (19.4)
0.139
Eye proptosis
6 (10.3)
1 (5.9)
5 (12.2)
0.660
1 (4.5)
5 (13.9)
0.392
Nasal discharge
5 (8.6)
3 (17.6)
2 (4.9)
0.144
3 (13.6)
2 (5.6)
0.357
Blurred vision
4 (6.9)
2 (11.8)
2 (4.9)
0.573
2 (9.1)
2 (5.6)
0.630
Ophthalmic ecchymosis
3 (5.2)
2 (11.8)
1 (2.4)
0.203
2 (9.1)
1 (2.8)
0.551
Diplopia
2 (3.4)
1 (5.9)
1 (2.4)
0.504
1 (4.5)
1 (2.8)
1.000
Facial redness or discoloration
2 (3.4)
2 (11.8)
0 (0)
0.082
2 (9.1)
0 (0)
0.140
Fever
2 (3.4)
2 (11.8)
0 (0)
0.082
2 (9.1)
0 (0)
0.140
Duration of symptoms
12 [5–20.5]
10 [4.25–27.5]
14 [5–20.5]
0.638
12 [5–20]
10 [4.75–30]
0.852
Symptom duration group
One week
14 (34.1)
7 (43.8)
12 (36.4)
0.650
7 (38.9)
12 (38.7)
1.000
One week till one month
20 (48.8)
6 (37.5)
17 (51.5)
9 (50.0)
14 (45.2)
Above one month
7 (17.1)
3 (18.8)
4 (12.1)
2 (11.1)
5 (16.1)
Chi-square test or independent sample t-test/Mann-Whitney U test COVID-19: coronavirus disease of 2019; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; Dx: disease; PTE: pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.
