Evaluation and Comparison of Mucormycosis Patients’ Features Undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Prior to and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case-Control Study
Table 2
Hospitalization characteristics of patients with mucormycosis.
Variable
Total; N = 59
Timeline
COVID-19
Non-COVID-19 period; n = 18
COVID-19 period; n = 41
Not infected; n = 22
Infected; n = 37
Hospitalization duration
1.12 ± 0.42
1.16 ± 0.51
1.10 ± 0.38
0.582
1.14 ± 0.47
1.11 ± 0.40
0.827
SPO2 on admission
96.07 ± 3.84
95.76 ± 5.61
96.20 ± 2.89
0.701
96.59 ± 5.05
95.75 ± 2.90
0.423
Temperature on admission
36.60 ± 0.37
36.77 ± 0.46
36.52 ± 0.29
0.047
36.67 ± 0.38
36.56 ± 0.36
0.243
Blood pressure on admission
Systolic
125.52 ± 16.21
121.88 ± 13.84
126.98 ± 17.01
0.292
123.16 ± 13.92
126.73 ± 17.32
0.440
Diastolic
76.54 ± 13.05
72.75 ± 17.89
78.05 ± 10.43
0.172
75.32 ± 10.87
77.16 ± 14.14
0.621
Respiratory rate on admission
18.86 ± 2.56
18.59 ± 3.00
18.98 ± 2.39
0.605
19.33 ± 2.71
8.59 ± 2.48
10.296
Heart rate on admission
87.86 ± 15.24
93.94 ± 19.18
85.20 ± 12.50
0.041
90.23 ± 18.29
86.46 ± 13.17
0.363
Mucormycosis on admission
Yes
42 (71.2)
13 (72.2)
29 (70.7)
1.000
12 (54.5)
30 (81.1)
0.040
No
17 (28.8)
5 (27.8)
12 (29.3)
10 (45.5)
7 (18.9)
Mucormycosis diagnosis duration from admission
8.38 ± 6.02
7 ± 6.08
6.75 ± 4.65
0.738
7 ± 6.08
8.5 ± 6.09
0.738
Lung CT finding
Ground glass opacities
24 (61.5)
0 (0)
24 (61.5)
<0.001
2 (22.2)
22 (73.3)
0.015
Interlobular septal thickening
9 (23.1)
1 (12.5)
8 (25.8)
0.653
0 (0)
9 (30.0)
0.085
Cardiomegaly
2 (5.1)
0 (0)
2 (6.5)
1.000
0 (0)
2 (6.7)
1.000
PNS CT
Total performed
29 (49.2)
13 (72.2)
16 (39.0)
0.025
10 (45.5)
19 (51.4)
0.789
Mucormycosis or fungal infection
8 (27.6)
3 (23.1)
5 (31.3)
0.697
2 (20.0)
6 (31.6)
0.675
Mucosal thickening
15 (51.7)
4 (30.8)
11 (68.8)
0.066
3 (30.0)
12 (63.2)
0.128
Sinusitis
14 (48.3)
7 (53.8)
7 (43.8)
0.715
6 (60.0)
8 (42.1)
0.450
Bone erosion or destruction
6 (20.7)
3 (23.1)
3 (18.8)
1.000
1 (10.0)
5 (26.3)
0.633
Soft tissue mass
5 (17.2)
1 (7.7)
4 (25.0)
0.343
3 (30.0)
2 (10.5)
0.306
Soft tissue swelling
3 (10.3)
1 (7.7)
2 (12.5)
1.000
0 (0)
3 (15.8)
0.532
Orbital CT
Total performed
8 (13.6)
0 (0)
8 (19.5)
0.092
2 (9.1)
6 (16.2)
0.697
or fungal infection
3 (37.5)
0 (0)
3 (100)
—
0 (0)
3 (50.0)
0.464
Sinusitis
4 (50.0)
0 (0)
4 (100)
—
2 (100)
2 (33.3)
0.429
Cellulitis
2 (25.0)
0 (0)
2 (100)
—
0 (0)
2 (33.3)
1.000
Proptosis
1 (12.5)
0 (0)
1 (100)
—
0 (100)
1 (16.7)
1.000
PNS and orbital MRI
Total performed
1 (1.7)
1 (5.6)
0 (0)
0.305
1 (4.5)
0 (0)
—
Sinusitis
1 (100)
1 (100)
0 (0)
—
1 (4.5)
0 (0)
—
Scalp enhancement
1 (100)
1 (100)
0 (0)
—
1 (4.5)
0 (0)
—
Globe protrusion
1 (12.5)
1 (100)
0 (0)
—
1 (100)
0 (0)
1.000
Laboratory data
White blood cell count
11.70 ± 5.77
11.82 ± 6.25
11.56 ± 5.44
0.908
11.80 ± 5.94
11.59 ± 5.80
0.923
Lymphocyte count
24.91 ± 20.25
2.40 ± 1.93
1.76 ± 1.19
0.397
2.21 ± 2.14
2.11 ± 1.31
0.910
Neutrophil count
70.55 ± 19.12
7.34 ± 3.39
7.93 ± 4.98
0.802
7.74 ± 5.18
7.42 ± 2.93
0.894
Hemoglobulin count
10.94 ± 2.37
10.73 ± 2.65
11.06 ± 2.24
0.659
10.56 ± 2.49
11.26 ± 2.28
0.330
Platelet count
281.76 ± 201.89
364.53 ± 285.15
225.31 ± 86.22
0.086
375.29 ± 258.53
202.25 ± 80.36
0.016
RT-PCR
Positive
33 (58.9)
0 (0)
33 (80.49)
<0.001
0 (0)
33 (94.3)
<0.001
Ventilation
Room air
37 (64.9)
11 (68.8)
26 (63.4)
0.239
17 (81.0)
20 (55.6)
0.113
Noninvasive or nasal mask
14 (24.6)
2 (12.5)
12 (29.3)
2 (9.5)
12 (33.3)
Invasive and intubation
6 (10.5)
3 (18.8)
3 (7.3)
2 (9.5)
4 (11.1)
Chest tube insertion
2 (3.8)
0 (0)
2 (5.1)
1.000
0 (0)
2 (5.7)
0.543
Operation
Bilateral FESS
23 (39.0)
4 (22.2)
19 (46.3)
0.104
6 (27.3)
17 (45.9)
0.131
FESS + additional operation
19 (32.2)
7 (38.9)
12 (29.3)
11 (50.0)
8 (21.6)
Rt FESS
12 (20.3)
5 (27.8)
7 (17.1)
3 (13.6)
9 (24.3)
Lt FESS
3 (5.1)
0 (0)
3 (7.3)
1 (4.5)
2 (5.4)
Outcome
Discharge
28 (49.1)
8 (47.1)
20 (50)
0.433
12 (60.0)
16 (43.2)
0.124
Expired
21 (36.8)
8 (47.1)
13 (32.5)
4 (20.0)
17 (45.9)
Relation of COVID-19 and mucormycosis
Not related to COVID-19
15 (25.4)
9 (50)
6 (14.6)
<0.001
15 (68.2)
0 (0)
<0.001
During COVID-19
12 (20.3)
0 (0)
12 (32.4)
0 (0)
12 (32.4)
Post-COVID-19 under 2 weeks
15 (25.4)
0 (0)
15 (40.5)
0 (0)
15 (40.5)
Post-COVID-19 over 2 weeks
7 (11.9)
0 (0)
7 (18.9)
0 (0)
7 (18.9)
Mucor onset before positive COVID-19
3 (5.1)
0 (0)
3 (8.1)
0 (0)
3 (8.1)
Additional operations such as maxillectomy, orbital exenteration, and frontal lobectomy.
