Association between Stigma and Pain in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders

Table 1

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients.

Variable	Mean + SD or n (%)	Median (min–max)
Gender
Male	56 (24.89%)
Female	169 (75.11%)
Age	27.30 ± 8.35	25 (12–58)
VAS current	1.35 ± 1.53	1 (0–8)
VAS highest	1.78 ± 1.85	1 (0–9)
GAD-7	3.77 ± 4.42	3 (0–21)
PHQ-9	3.67 ± 4.77	2 (0–27)
JFLS-8	11.41 ± 10.91	9 (0–43)
Overall stigma	2.02 ± 3.37	0 (0–16)
Felt stigma	1.04 ± 1.89	0 (0–8)
Enacted stigma	0.98 ± 1.86	0 (0–12)
Education
Secondary school and below	37 (16.44%)
Undergraduate or junior college	153 (68.00%)
Postgraduate and above	35 (15.56%)
Adverse oral habits
No	48 (21.33%)
Yes	177 (78.67%)
Dental treatment
No	57 (25.33%)
Yes	168 (74.67%)
Systemic diseases
No	192 (85.33%)
Yes	33 (14.67%)
PT
No	64 (28.44%)
Yes	161 (71.56%)
IT
No	17 (7.56%)
Yes	208 (92.44%)
CT
No	81 (36.00%)
Yes	144 (64.00%)

SD: standard deviation, VAS current: the current score of Visual Analogue Scale of Pain, VAS highest: the highest score of Visual Analogue Scale of Pain in the last one month, GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item, PHQ-9: the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item, JFLS-8: Jaw Functional Limitation Scale 8-item, PT: pain-related TMD, IT: intra-articular TMD, CT: combined TMD, and TMD: temporomandibular joint disorder.