Association between Stigma and Pain in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders
Table 4
Effects of clinical characteristics and quantitative variables on enacted stigma.
Variables
Enacted stigma
No
Yes
value
N
140
85
Gender
0.788
Male
34 (24.29%)
22 (25.88%)
Female
106 (75.71%)
63 (74.12%)
Age
26.45 ± 7.21
28.69 ± 9.83
0.050
VAS current
1.14 ± 1.38
1.69 ± 1.70
0.008
VAS highest
1.56 ± 1.79
2.14 ± 1.92
0.023
GAD-7
2.64 ± 3.92
5.64 ± 4.57
<0.001
PHQ-9
2.57 ± 4.11
5.47 ± 5.25
<0.001
JFLS-8
8.97 ± 8.95
15.44 ± 12.59
<0.001
Education
0.394
Secondary school and below
24 (17.14%)
13 (15.29%)
Undergraduate or junior college
91 (65.00%)
62 (72.94%)
Postgraduate and above
25 (17.86%)
10 (11.76%)
Adverse oral habits
0.165
No
34 (24.29%)
14 (16.47%)
Yes
106 (75.71%)
71 (83.53%)
Dental treatment
0.264
No
39 (27.86%)
18 (21.18%)
Yes
101 (72.14%)
67 (78.82%)
Systemic diseases
0.170
No
123 (87.86%)
69 (81.18%)
Yes
17 (12.14%)
16 (18.82%)
PT
0.013
No
48 (34.29%)
16 (18.82%)
Yes
92 (65.71%)
69 (81.18%)
IT
0.459
No
12 (8.57%)
5 (5.88%)
Yes
128 (91.43%)
80 (94.12%)
CT
0.006
No
60 (42.86%)
21 (24.71%)
Yes
80 (57.14%)
64 (75.29%)
The chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test are used. VAS current: the current score of Visual Analogue Scale of Pain, VAS highest: the highest score of Visual Analogue Scale of Pain in the last one month, GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item, PHQ-9: the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item, JFLS-8: Jaw Functional Limitation Scale 8-item, PT: pain-related TMD, IT: intra-articular TMD, CT: combined TMD, and TMD: temporomandibular joint disorder. Statistically significant groups have been bolded.
