Association between Stigma and Pain in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders

Table 5

Crude association of PT, IT, and CT with gender, age, education level, systemic diseases, dental treatment, adverse oral habits, overall stigma, felt stigma, and enacted stigma.

	PT	IT	CT
Gender
Male	Reference	Reference	Reference
Female	1.42 (0.74, 2.71)	1.28 (0.43, 3.82)	1.47 (0.79, 2.73)
Age	1.08 (1.03, 1.13)	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)	1.05 (1.01, 1.09)
Education
Secondary school and below	Reference	Reference	Reference
Undergraduate or junior college	1.15 (0.53, 2.49)	0.00 (0.00, Inf)	0.79 (0.37, 1.68)
Postgraduate and above	1.92 (0.65, 5.64)	0.00 (0.00, Inf)	1.05 (0.39, 2.82)
Systemic diseases
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	4.66 (1.37, 15.85)	0.37 (0.12, 1.14)	1.92 (0.82, 4.48)
Dental treatment
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.70 (0.89, 3.22)	0.61 (0.17, 2.21)	1.42 (0.77, 2.62)
Adverse oral habits
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.05 (0.52, 2.11)	2.16 (0.75, 6.17)	1.36 (0.71, 2.61)
Overall stigma
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.98 (1.09, 3.62)	2.18 (0.74, 6.41)	2.30 (1.30, 4.05)
Felt stigma
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.18 (0.63, 2.24)	3.56 (0.79, 16.03)	1.57 (0.85, 2.90)
Enacted stigma
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	2.25 (1.18, 4.29)	1.50 (0.51, 4.42)	2.29 (1.26, 4.15)

PT: pain-related TMD, IT: intra-articular TMD, CT: combined TMD, and TMD: temporomandibular joint disorder. Values are regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) from univariate regression models and reflect differences in PT, IT, and CT per unit change of each covariate and for different categories of each covariate as compared to the reference group. value <0.05. Statistically significant groups have been bolded.