Association between Stigma and Pain in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders

Table 6

Multivariable linear regression analyses for PT, IT, and CT in overall stigma, felt stigma, and enacted stigma.

	Model 1		Model 2
	OR, 95% CI (low to high)	value	OR, 95% CI (low to high)	value
PT
Overall stigma	1.93 (1.04, 3.58)^1	0.0361	1.89 (1.02, 3.53)^2	0.0443
Felt stigma	1.24 (0.64, 2.38)^1	0.5252	1.29 (0.66, 2.52)^3	0.4612
Enacted stigma	2.09 (1.08, 4.04)^1	0.0288	1.99 (1.02, 3.89)^2	0.0426
IT
Overall stigma	2.31 (0.78, 6.85)^4	0.1330	—	—
Felt stigma	3.60 (0.80, 16.32)^4	0.0961	—	—
Enacted stigma	1.51 (0.51, 4.44)^5	0.4570	1.63 (0.53, 4.97)^6	0.3912
CT
Overall stigma	2.24 (1.26, 3.98)^1	0.0058	—	—
Felt stigma	1.63 (0.87, 3.03)^1	0.1256	—	—
Enacted stigma	2.14 (1.17, 3.92)^1	0.0133	—	—

PT: pain-related TMD, IT: intra-articular TMD, CT: combined TMD, TMD: temporomandibular joint disorder. ¹ means adjusted for age. ² means adjusted for age and systemic diseases. ³ means adjusted for age, sex, education, systemic diseases, and dental treatment. ⁴ means adjusted for systemic diseases. ⁵ means adjusted for sex. ⁶ means adjusted for sex, age, systemic diseases, and adverse oral habits. Statistically significant groups have been bolded.