Efficacy of the Synbiotic Supplementation on the Metabolic Factors in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Table 4

Biochmistry variables before and after the trial (mean ± SD).

Variables		Mean ± SD		value^2	value^3
		Synbiotics (n = 52)	Placebo (n = 56)
FBG (mg/dl)	Baseline	103.37 ± 22.92	97.60 ± 16.92	0.150
	At 12 wk	88.67 ± 13.52	89.38 ± 14.96	0.804
	value^1	<0.001	<0.001		0.007
Insulin (μM/ml)	Baseline	6.73 ± 2.93	6.54 ± 2.94	0.75
	At 12 wk	7.66 ± 3.76	7.36 ± 3.70	0.68
	value^1	0.17	0.28		0.88
HOMA-IR	Baseline	1.73 ± 0.82	1.58 ± 0.74	0.35
	At 12 wk	1.72 ± 0.85	1.60 ± 0.77	0.43
	value^1	0.98	0.94		0.95
HOMA-β	Baseline	72.82 ± 46.76	79.77 ± 47.98	0.463
	At 12 wk	133.17 ± 90.40	126.59 ± 88.68	0.711
	value^1	<0.001	0.001		0.41
IGR	Baseline	1.21 ± 0.57	1.24 ± 0.58	0.806
	At 12 wk	1.62 ± 0.78	1.54 ± 0.84	0.641
	value^1	0.005	0.06		0.64
Hs-CRP (mg/dl)	Baseline	2.28 ± 1.91	2.82 ± 2.95	0.57
	At 12 wk	2.25 ± 2.31	2.31 ± 1.91	0.27
	value^1	0.93	0.31		0.89
SGPT (mg/dl)	Baseline	24.35 ± 13.72	20.96 ± 11.67	0.18
	At 12 wk	22.71 ± 11.49	21.85 ± 10.06	0.68
	value^1	0.24	0.44		0.16
SGOT (mg/dl)	Baseline	25.41 ± 7.87	25.06 ± 11.32	0.85
	At 12 wk	23.08 ± 6.75	24.15 ± 11.46	0.57
	value^1	0.01	0.30		0.26
ALP (mg/dl)	Baseline	184.08 ± 50.33	198.58 ± 78.33	0.27
	At 12 wk	180.10 ± 53.72	199.34 ± 82.14	0.16
	value^1	0.16	0.79		0.24
TG (mg/dl)	Baseline	204.31 ± 111.01	198.58 ± 87.01	0.772
	At 12 wk	160.92 ± 63.40	164.30 ± 75.84	0.808
	value^1	0.001	<0.001		0.536
TC (mg/dl)	Baseline	224.41 ± 38.04	237.87 ± 44.12	0.103
	At 12 wk	214.47 ± 38.46	229.85 ± 38.72	0.047
	value^1	0.007	0.062		0.730
LDL-C (mg/dl)	Baseline	93.84 ± 21.77	102.47 ± 21.00	0.044
	At 12 wk	92.12 ± 20.06	100.57 ± 18.38	0.029
	value^1	0.368	0.413		0.949
HDL-C (mg/dl)	Baseline	39.33 ± 8.98	39.13 ± 7.46	0.905
	At 12 wk	40.33 ± 8.48	40.81 ± 6.02	0.738
	value^1	0.195	0.016		0.503

value¹: significance of within-group alterations (paired t-test); value²: significance of between-group alterations (independent t-test); value³: treatment by analysis of covariance (adjusted baseline variable). FBG: fasting blood glucose; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homoeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homoeostatic model assessment-beta; IGR: insulin–glucose ratio; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; SGPT: serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase; SGOT: serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase.