Transcatheter Angiographic Embolization of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy-Related Bleeding: A Single-Center Experience

Table 2

Clinical characteristics, angiographic findings, and results of transarterial embolization.

Patients (n)	45
BMI (kg m^−2), mean (SD)	24.10 ± 4.14
Stone laterality, n (%)
Left	22 (48.89%)
Right	23 (51.11%)
History of kidney surgery, n (%)
Yes	10 (22.22%)
No	35 (77.78%)
Operation time (min), mean (SD)	103.22 ± 42.21
Puncture calyx, n (%)
Upper	8 (17.78%)
Mid	35 (77.78%)
Lower	2 (4.44%)
Intervals (days) from the bleeding episode to TAE Median (IQR)	3 (1–6)
Bleeding site, n (%)
Upper pole	2 (4.40%)
Mid-pole	14 (31.10%)
Lower pole	12 (26.70%)
Mid-pole + lower pole	1 (2.20%)
Undefined	16 (35.60%)
Bleeding characteristics, n (%)
Sudden onset bleeding	27 (60.0%)
Delayed bleeding	18 (40%)
Angiographic findings, n (%)
Arterial laceration	28 (62.20%)
Arteriovenous fistula	7 (15.60%)
Negative angiographic finding	10 (22.20%)
Number of embolization, n (%)
No embolization	7 (15.60%)
Prophylactic embolization	3 (6.7%)
One-time embolization	33 (73.30%)
Two-times embolization	2 (4.4%)
Results of transarterial embolization, n (%)
Primary clinical success rate	35 (92.10%)
Secondary clinical success rate	38 (100%)
Embolic material, n (%)
Gelatin sponge	7 (15.60%)
Metallic coils	3 (6.70%)
Metallic coils + gelatin sponge	28 (62.20%)
No embolization	7 (15.60%)