| | Variables | Total | Training set | Validation set | value |
| | N | 1295 | 906 | 389 | | | Age | 59 (47, 71) | 58 (47, 70) | 61 (47, 73) | 0.110 | | Gender (%) | | | | 0.703 | | Male | 766 (59.2) | 539 (59.5) | 227 (58.4) | | | Female | 529 (40.8) | 367 (40.5) | 162 (41.6) | | | Ethnicity (%) | | | | 0.064 | | White | 930 (71.8) | 655 (72.3) | 275 (70.7) | | | Black | 170 (13.1) | 107 (11.8) | 63 (16.2) | | | Other | 195 (15.1) | 144 (15.9) | 51 (13.1) | | | Weight (kg) | 81.3 (70,98.1) | 81 (69,95.7) | 82.1 (71.3,100) | 0.083 | | PE (%) | | | | 0.545 | | No | 1100 (84.9) | 766 (84.5) | 334 (85.9) | | | Yes | 195 (15.1) | 140 (15.5) | 55 (14.1) | | | CCI | 4 (2, 6) | 4 (2, 6) | 5 (2, 7) | 0.341 | | GCS | 15 (15, 15) | 15 (15, 15) | 15 (15, 15) | 0.744 | | HR (min−1) | 94.3 (81.3, 107.6) | 94.8 (81.9, 107.6) | 93 (79.5, 107.7) | 0.341 | | MBP (mmHg) | 80.2 (72.2, 90.7) | 80.1 (71.8, 89.8) | 80.5 (72.6, 91.9) | 0.541 | | RR (min−1) | 20.2 (17.3, 23.7) | 20.2 (17.3, 23.6) | 20.1 (17.2, 24) | 0.796 | | Temperature (°C) | 36.9 (36.7, 37.3) | 36.9 (36.7, 37.3) | 36.9 (36.7, 37.3) | 0.647 | | Urine output (mL) | 180 (75,300) | 182.5 (75,300) | 175 (65,325) | 0.622 | | Spo2 (%) | 96.4 (95, 97.9) | 96.4 (95, 97.9) | 96.5 (94.9, 97.8) | 0.935 | | AG (mEq/L) | 15 (13, 18) | 15 (13, 18) | 15 (13, 19) | 0.759 | | Sodium (mEq/L) | 138 (135,141) | 138 (135,141) | 139 (136,141) | 0.067 | | Potassium (mEq/L) | 4 (3.7, 4.5) | 4 (3.6, 4.5) | 4 (3.7, 4.5) | 0.490 | | Magnesium (mEq/L) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.1) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.1) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.1) | 0.683 | | Calcium (mEq/L) | 8.2 (7.5, 8.7) | 8.2 (7.5, 8.7) | 8.2 (7.6, 8.7) | 0.477 | | Chloride (mEq/L) | 104 (99, 108) | 103.5 (99, 108) | 104 (99, 108) | 0.270 | | Phosphate (mEq/L) | 3.3 (2.5, 4.1) | 3.3 (2.5, 4.2) | 3.4 (2.7, 4.1) | 0.599 | | Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 22 (19, 25) | 22 (19, 25) | 23 (19, 25) | 0.496 | | WBC (k/uL) | 11.9 (7.8, 17) | 12 (7.7, 17.1) | 11.6 (7.9, 16.7) | 0.355 | | RBC (m/uL) | 3.7 (3.2, 4.3) | 3.7 (3.2, 4.2) | 3.8 (3.2, 4.4) | 0.069 | | Platelet (k/uL) | 197 (138, 280.5) | 197 (135, 282) | 199 (142, 276) | 0.760 | | Hematocrit (%) | 34.3 (29.6, 39.3) | 34.2 (29.6, 39.1) | 34.6 (30, 40) | 0.137 | | MCHC (%) | 33.1 (32, 34.1) | 33.1 (32, 34.1) | 33 (32, 34.1) | 0.412 | | RDW (%) | 14.6 (13.6, 16.1) | 14.6 (13.7, 16.1) | 14.5 (13.5, 16.2) | 0.253 | | INR | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 0.503 | | Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.888 | | BUN (mg/dL) | 20 (12, 33) | 20 (12, 34) | 20 (12, 33) | 0.905 | | Lactate (mg/dL) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.7) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.7) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.7) | 0.782 | | Albumin (g/dL) | 3 (2.6, 3.5) | 3 (2.6, 3.6) | 3 (2.6, 3.5) | 0.473 | | Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.5, 2.5) | 1 (0.5, 2.5) | 0.9 (0.5, 2.2) | 0.226 | | AP (IU/L) | 100 (68,169) | 99 (68,166) | 101 (68,173) | 0.945 | | AST (IU/L) | 60 (31,161) | 61 (31,160) | 59 (30,161) | 0.779 | | ALT (IU/L) | 46 (22,127) | 43 (21,123) | 54 (25,141) | 0.055 | | Glucose (mg/dL) | 123 (101,168) | 123 (100.2,169) | 124 (102,162) | 0.983 | | Lipase (IU/L) | 201 (61,823) | 196 (59.5,808.8) | 220 (64,890) | 0.422 | | LD (IU/dL) | 320 (221.5, 483.5) | 323 (221.2, 481) | 316 (223,490) | 0.804 | | BISAP | 2 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 2) | 0.384 | | SOFA | 1 (0, 3) | 1 (0, 3) | 1 (0, 3) | 0.358 | | qSOFA | 1 (0, 1) | 1 (0, 1) | 1 (0, 1) | 0.705 | | SIRS | 3 (2, 3) | 3 (2, 3) | 3 (2, 4) | 0.455 | | Sepsis (%) | | | | 0.943 | | No | 554 (42.8) | 387 (42.7) | 167 (42.9) | | | Yes | 741 (57.2) | 519 (57.3) | 222 (57.1) | |
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Abbreviations: PE, pleural effusion; CCI, Charlson_comorbidity_index; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HR, heart rate; MBP, mean blood pressure; RR, respiratory rate; SpO2, percutaneous oxygen saturation; AG, anion gap; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW, RBC distribution width; INR, international normalized ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; AP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; LD, lactate dehydrogenase; BISAP, blood urea nitrogen, impaired mental status, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, age and pleural effusion; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
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