The Effects of Probiotics and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Liver Steatosis Induced in Rats by High-Fructose Corn Syrup

Table 5

Glucose, liver enzymes, serum , and triglyceride levels of rats.

Parameters	Control group (n = 8)	HFCS group (n = 8)	HFCS + omega-3 fatty acids group (n = 8)	HFCS + probiotic group (n = 8)	HFCS + omega-3 fatty acids + probiotic group (n = 8)
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Glucose (mg/dL)	132.98 ± 21.09	164.73 ± 15.78^a2	136.73 ± 15.90^b2	141.92 ± 21.52^b1	142.67 ± 24.21^b1	0.031
	(94.50–155.00)	(149.70–197.40)	(117.50–162.00)	(109.30–175.00)	(110.00–178.00)
ALT (U/L)	38.32 ± 7.21	67.06 ± 10.42^a3	33.28 ± 5.09^b3	28.67 ± 6.54^a1.b3	37.23 ± 8.52^b3.d1	0.001
	(29.00–50.80)	(54.80–85.70)	(24.70–41.50)	(21.90–39.80)	(27.20–50.00)
AST (U/L)	123.10 ± 68.49	169.38 ± 32.30^a1	118.37 ± 17.34^b3	97.63 ± 26.89^b3	121.15 ± 16.36^b3	0.003
	(81.50–282.50)	(128.50–226.70)	(97.30–152.40)	(68.60–146.90)	(90.60–141.50)
ALP (U/L)	96.75 ± 22.95	99.12 ± 23.28	99.00 ± 18.67	90.25 ± 16.85	98.50 ± 13.85	0.645
	(70.00–138.00)	(54.00–131.00)	(80.00–126.00)	(62.00–119.00)	(71.00–113.00)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	27.13 ± 5.39	40.22 ± 6.43^a3	32.55 ± 3.94^b2	33.86 ± 4.09^a1.b1	29.55 ± 2.49^b3	0.001
	(19.70–33.90)	(33.60–51.30)	(28.70–40.20)	(29.00–38.90)	(26.10–32.40)
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	36.01 ± 13.37	60.60 ± 16.73^a2	40.15 ± 10.84^b2	44.46 ± 9.87^b1	42.35 ± 25.87^b1	0.049
	(18.00–51.70)	(32.00–82.00)	(23.70–62.30)	(26.70–60.60)	(20.70–100.90)

Kruskal–Wallis H-test. Mann–Whitney U test. ^aFor the control group,  ≤ 0.05^a1,  ≤ 0.01^a2,  ≤ 0.001^a3. ^bFor the HFCS group,  ≤ 0.05^b1,  ≤ 0.01^b2,  ≤ 0.001^b3. ^dFor the HFCS + probiotic group,  ≤ 0.05^d1,  ≤ 0.01^d2,  ≤ 0.001^d3. Bold shows statistically significant values.