International Journal of Clinical Practice

Research Article

Chronic Oral Anticoagulation Therapy and Prognosis of Patients Admitted to Hospital for COVID-19: Insights from the HOPE COVID-19 Registry

Table 1

Comparison of clinical characteristics of the study cohort before and after propensity score matching.


	Before propensity score matching			After propensity score matching
	Patients without prior OAC	Patients with prior OAC	value	Patients without prior OAC	Patients with prior OAC	value
	N = 7023	N = 675	value	N = 638	N = 638	value

Demographic
Male sex, n (%)	4097 (58.3)	403 (59.7)	0.491	386 (60.5)	372 (58.3)	0.425
Age (years), median (IQR)	63 (50–75)	80 (72–86)	<0.001	80 (72–86)	80 (72–86)	1.000
Race (non-Caucasian), n (%)	1603 (22.8)	59 (8.7)	<0.001	49 (7.7)	59 (9.2)	0.315
Body mass index (kg/m²), median (IQR)	27.1 (24.2–30.7)	27.7 (25.0–31.2)	0.011	26.9 (24.5–30.5)	26.7 (25.0–31.3)	0.168
Baseline comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	3176 (45.2)	542 (80.3)	<0.001	433 (68.0)	516 (80.9)	0.053
Diabetes mellitus	1257 (17.9)	198 (29.3)	<0.001	168 (27.0)	190 (30.3)	0.198
Heart failure	128 (1.8)	46 (6.8)	<0.001	35 (5.5)	39 (6.1)	0.632
Stroke/TIA	439 (6.3)	131 (19.4)	<0.001	92 (14.4)	122 (19.1)	0.437
Chronic kidney disease	369 (5.3)	115 (17.0)	<0.001	69 (11.0)	109 (17.0)	0.487
Vascular disease	543 (7.7)	102 (15.1)	<0.001	93 (14.6)	88 (13.8)	0.688
Hypercholesterolemia	2096 (29.8)	344 (51.0)	<0.001	288 (45.1)	326 (51.1)	0.085
Current smoking habit	407 (5.8)	35 (5.2)	0.243	21 (3.3)	31 (4.9)	0.071
COPD/SAHS	419 (6.0)	104 (15.4)	<0.001	81 (12.7)	84 (13.2)	0.802
History of malignant disease	822 (11.7)	139 (20.6)	<0.001	129 (20.2)	129 (20.2)	1.000
Liver disease	238 (3.4)	33 (4.9)	0.001	30 (4.7)	31 (4.9)	0.795
Dysthyroidism	334 (4.8)	40 (5.9)	0.177	37 (5.8)	40 (6.3)	0.724
Any dependency level	819 (11.7)	210 (31.1)	<0.001	177 (28.2)	194 (30.6)	0.365
Concomitant treatment at admission, n (%)
Beta-blockers	865 (12.3)	328 (48.6)	<0.001	132 (20.7)	311 (48.7)	<0.001
ACEi/ARBs	2320 (33.0)	369 (54.7)	<0.001	311 (48.7)	350 (54.9)	0.086
Antiplatelet therapy	1229 (17.5)	74 (11.0)	<0.001	199 (31.2)	72 (11.3)	<0.001
Laboratory parameters at admission
Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR)	0.90 (0.72–1.17)	1.19 (0.90–1.64)	<0.001	0.98 (0.78–1.42)	1.20 (0.88–1.66)	<0.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL), median (IQR)	14.0 (12.0–15.0)	13.0 (11.0–14.0)	<0.001	13.0 (12.0–15.0)	13.0 (11.0–14.0)	<0.001
Platelet count (×10⁹/L), median (IQR)	203.0 (155.0–265.8)	179.0 (136.0–240.0)	<0.001	195.0 (145.0–260.8)	181.0 (138.0–241.0)	0.019
Elevated D-dimer, n (%)	3921 (55.8)	358 (53.0)	0.036	425 (66.6)	342 (53.6)	<0.001
Elevated procalcitonin, n (%)	1048 (14.9)	126 (18.7)	0.001	103 (16.1)	123 (19.3)	0.299
Elevated C-reactive protein, n (%)	5841 (83.2)	608 (90.1)	<0.001	566 (88.7)	576 (90.3)	0.657
Elevated troponins, n (%)	527 (7.5)	107 (15.9)	<0.001	54 (8.5)	100 (15.7)	<0.001
Elevated transaminases, n (%)	2598 (37.0)	220 (32.6)	0.009	216 (33.9)	210 (32.9)	0.023
Elevated ferritin, n (%)	2306 (32.8)	207 (30.7)	0.424	198 (31.0)	198 (31.0)	1.000
Elevated lactate dehydrogenase, n (%)	4414 (62.9)	464 (68.7)	0.005	427 (66.9)	440 (69.0)	0.466

ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; IQR, interquartile range; TIA, transient ischemic attack; COPD/SAHS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Coronary artery disease and/or peripheral artery disease.