Association between Ultraprocessed Food Intake and Overweight, Obesity, and Malnutrition among Children in Tehran, Iran
Table 2
Energy-adjusted dietary intakes of participants across the tertiles of UPFs.
Dietary intakesb
Tertiles of UPFs
valuea
T1 (n: 262)
T2 (n: 264)
T3 (n: 262)
(6.66to 95.28)
(95.88 to 164.98)
(165.09 to 643.21)
Protein (g/d)
38.68 (3.24)
37.06 (3.17)
42.51 (3.21)
0.46
Fat (g/d)
28.61 (0.72)
32.43 (0.70)
40.44 (0.71)
<0.001
Carbohydrate (g/d)
144.87 (3.01)
147.24 (2.94)
168.79 (2.98)
<0.001
Fiber (g/d)
18.48 (0.52)
17.12 (0.51)
19.10 (0.52)
0.02
Vegetables
182.9 (5.74)
186.6 (5.61)
197.6 (5.69)
0.17
Fruits
178.1 (7.52)
178.8 (7.35)
206.8 (7.46)
0.009
Whole grains
20.57 (1.01)
21.03 (0.99)
23.35 (1.00)
0.11
SFA (mg/d)
18.18 (0.52)
21.63 (0.51)
27.68 (0.52)
<0.001
Iron (mg/d)
15.41 (0.21)
15.82 (0.21)
17.49 (0.21)
<0.001
Magnesium (mg/d)
257.89 (6.03)
263.77 (5.90)
307.19 (5.98)
<0.001
Zinc (mg/d)
7.86 (0.11)
8.47 (0.11)
9.01 (0.11)
<0.001
Potassium (mg/d)
3135.59 (77.77)
3216.07 (76.03)
3692.05 (77.11)
<0.001
Calcium (mg/d)
455.03 (9.67)
489.19 (9.46)
551.39 (9.59)
<0.001
Phosphorus (mg/d)
558.65 (13.17)
613.05 (12.87)
738.01 (13.06)
<0.001
Vitamin B9 (µ g/d)
303.43 (9.91)
306.92 (9.69)
357.15 (9.83)
<0.001
Vitamin B12 (µg/d)
3.34 (0.09)
3.80 (0.08)
4.18 (0.09)
<0.001
Vitamin A (RAE/d)
1356.66 (59.38)
1352.52 (58.06)
1420.83 (58.88)
0.65
Vitamin D (µ g/d)
1.10 (0.09)
1.70 (0.09)
2.13 (0.09)
<0.001
Vitamin K (µ g/d)
138.34 (5.38)
134.75 (5.26)
147.86 (5.33)
0.19
Vitamin E (mg/d)
10.16 (0.36)
12.27 (0.35)
12.45 (0.36)
<0.001
Non-dairy drinks (g/day)
2.43 (0.75)
6.27 (0.73)
13.21 (0.74)
<0.001
Cakes and industrial breads (g/day)
21.11 (1.72)
37.23 (1.68)
67.12 (1.71)
<0.001
Dairy drinks (g/day)
15.48 (2.51)
31.87 (2.46)
74.28 (2.49)
<0.001
Salty snacks (g/day)
3.91 (0.88)
8.26 (0.86)
17.55 (0.87)
<0.001
Processed meats and fast food (g/day)
10.99 (1.09)
19.85 (1.06)
34.13 (1.08)
<0.001
Sauces (g/day)
2.61 (0.40)
5.73 (0.39)
8.78 (0.40)
<0.001
Sweets (g/day)
9.67 (1.04)
17.21 (1.02)
24.90 (1.04)
<0.001
a: Calculated using univariate analysis of covariance. b:All variables were adjusted for energy intake. Note. Values are reported as mean ± SE. UPFs: Ultraprocessed foods.
