Association between Ultraprocessed Food Intake and Overweight, Obesity, and Malnutrition among Children in Tehran, Iran

Table 3

Crude and adjusted multivariable OR and 95% CI for overweight/obesity, underweight/wasting, and marginal-stunting/overweight/obesity across the tertiles of UPFs.

Outcomes	Tertiles of UPFs			-trend^a
	T1 (n: 262); (6.66to 95.28)	T2 (n: 264); (95.88 to 164.98)	T3 (n: 262); (165.09 to 643.21)
Wasting
Crude^b	1	0.61 (0.19–1.89)^c	0.74 (0.25–2.17)	0.57
Model^d	1	0.66 (0.21–2.09)	0.94 (0.30–2.87)	0.87
Obesity
Crude^b	1	1.43 (0.53–3.82)	0.85 (0.28–2.57)	0.79
Model^d	1	1.57 (0.57–4.26)	0.97 (0.31–3.01)	0.98
Overweight/obesity
Crude^b	1	0.82 (0.57–1.17)	0.85 (0.59–1.23)	0.40
Model^d	1	0.82 (0.56–1.18)	0.86 (0.59–1.25)	0.45
Underweight/wasting
Crude^b	1	0.96 (0.58–1.57)	0.78 (0.47–1.31)	0.36
Model^d	1	0.89 (0.53–1.45)	0.69 (0.40–1.17)	0.17
Marginal stunting
Crude^b	1	1.05 (0.65–1.70)	1.19 (0.74–1.90)	0.46
Model^d	1	1.03 (0.63–1.67)	1.16 (0.71–1.89)	0.53
Marginal stunting/overweight/obesity
Crude^b	1	0.66 (0.30–1.46)	1.27 (0.64–2.51)	0.46
Model^d	1	0.67 (0.30–1.51)	1.25 (0.62–2.54)	0.47

^a: Calculated using logistic regression. ^b:Crude: Not adjusted for any variables. ^c:Odds ratio (95% confidence interval).^d: Model adjusted for energy intake, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Obesity (BMI-for-age≥2SD), overweight (BMI-for-age≥1SD), underweight (BMI-for-age < −1SD), wasting (BMI-for-age < −2SD), marginal-stunting height-for-age Z (HAZ) scores were −2< HAZ ≤ −1. UPFs: Ultraprocessed foods. : Marginal stunting with overweight or obesity.