Risk Factors Associated with Mortality in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients: Data from the Middle East

Table 3

Multivariate logistic regression results assess the risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality among inpatients with confirmed COVID-19.

Covariate	Univariate regression		Multivariate regression
	Or (95% CI)	value	Or (95% CI)	value
Age, years
18–40 (reference)
41–65	1.45 (0.96–2.21)	0.079	1.06 (0.68–1.67)	0.786
>65	3.39 (2.24–5.13)	<0.001	2.01 (1.28–3.16)	0.003
Severity
Moderate (reference)
Severe	1.48 (1.04–2.12)	0.032	1.56 (1.05–2.32)	<0.001
Critical	2.72 (1.94–3.80)	<0.001	2.94 (2.02–4.27)	<0.001
Smoking status
Nonsmoker (reference)
Current smoker	1.48 (1.11–1.98)	0.008	1.61 (1.17–2.23)	0.004
Ex-smoker	1.43 (1.05–1.95)	0.024	1.31 (0.94–1.84)	0.115
Comorbidities
Chronic kidney disease, yes vs. no	3.72 (2.53–5.46)	<0.001	2.90 (1.90–4.43)	<0.001
Diabetes miletus, yes vs. no	1.41 (1.15–1.72)	0.001	1.31 (1.04–1.65)	0.022
Heart failure, yes vs. no	1.82 (1.29–2.57)	0.001	1.51 (1.02–2.23)	0.041
History of DVT/PE, yes vs. no	2.28 (1.04–5.00)	0.040	2.62 (1.08–6.35)	0.033
Malignancy, yes vs. no	2.10 (1.44–3.06)	<0.001	2.221 (1.46–3.38)	<0.001
Lab results
Sodium normal (reference)
Hypernatremia	14.71 (5.77–37.52)	<0.001	11.37 (4.33–29.81)	<0.001
Hyponatremia	1.11 (0.88–1.40)	0.374	0.91 (0.71–1.18)	0.474
Albumin normal (reference)
Hypoalbuminemia	2.47 (1.97–3.10)	<0.001	1.75 (1.37–2.25)	<0.001
Normal AST level (reference)
High AST level	1.80 (1.45–2.24)	<0.001	1.81 (1.42–2.31)	<0.001
Platelets normal (reference)
Platelets high	0.88 (0.61–1.28)	0.499	0.84 (0.56–1.27)	0.402
Platelets low	1.52 (1.15–2.00)	0.003	1.43 (1.05–1.95)	0.024