Dietary Inflammatory Index in relation to Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of studies.

Population
Reference	Year	Study design	Location	No. of participants	Sex	Age (range or mean ± SD)	Exposure assessment	Outcome assessment	Diabetes was the primary outcome, and analyses were adjusted for potential confounders
Woudenbergh et al.	2013	Cross-sectional	Netherlands	1024	M/F	64 ± 9	FFQ	FPG-2-h, -HbA1c	No
Shivappa et al.	2014	Cross-sectional	USA	34703	F	61.58 ± 4.2	FFQ	Self-report	No
Alkerwi et al.	2015	Cross-sectional	Luxembourg	1352	M/F	44.25 ± 0.8	FFQ	Medication use	No
Garcia-Arellano et al.	2015	Cross-sectional	Spain	7216	M/F	67 ± 6	FFQ	Medical record	No
Ramallal et al.	2015	Cross-sectional	Spain	18794	M/F	38 ± 12	FFQ	Medical record	No
Sánchez-Villegas et al.	2015	Cross-sectional	Spain	15093	M/F	38.28	FFQ	Medical record	No
Ruiz-Canela et al.	2015	Cross-sectional	Spain	4145	F	68 ± 6	FFQ	Medical record	No
Ruiz-Canela et al.	2015	Cross-sectional	Spain	3091	M	66 ± 7	FFQ	Medical record	No
Shivappa et al.	2015	Case-control	Italy	978	M/F	62.5	FFQ	Medical record	No
Xu et al.	2015	Cross-sectional	Sweden	1942	M/F	70.6 ± 0.6	7-day dietary record	FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2 h glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, hypoglycemic agents or insulin use	No
Antwi et al.	2016	Case-control	USA	2573	M/F	66.7 ± 10.3	FFQ	Medical records	Yes
Moslehi et al.	2016	Cross-sectional	Iran	2975	M/F	45 ± 11.7	FFQ	FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2 h glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, use of antidiabetic medication	Yes
Vissers et al.	2016	Cross-sectional	Australia	6972	F	52 ± 1	FFQ	Doctor-diagnosed	No
Bergmans et al.	2017	Cross-sectional	USA	11592	M/F	20-80	24-hour diet recall	Self-reported history	No
Bodén et al.	2017	Case-control	Sweden	5284	M	53.85 ± 7.36	FFQ	Self-report+FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2 h glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L	No
Bodén et al.	2017	Case-control	Sweden	1660	F	54.47 ± 8.28	FFQ	Self-report+FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2 h glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L	No
Phillips et al.	2017	Cross-sectional	Ireland	2047	M/F	59.7 ± 0.17	FFQ	FPG ≥ 7 mmol/L or doctor-diagnosed diabetes	No
Shivappa et al. 1	2017	Cross-sectional	Germany	1297	M	54.5 ± 5.8	7-day dietary record	Self-report	No
Shivappa et al. 2	2017	Cross-sectional	USA	12366	M/F	47.4 ± 19.1	24-hour diet recall	Self-report	No
Vissers et al.	2017	Cross-sectional	Australia	7169	F	52 ± 1	FFQ	Doctor-diagnosed	No
Denova-Gutiérrez et al.	2018	Cross-sectional	Mexico	1174	M/F	39.9 ± 0.48	FFQ	FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL and HbA1c> 6.5%	Yes
Farhangi et al.	2018	Cross-sectional	Iran	454	M/F	59.02 ± 9.07	FFQ	-	No
Hodge et al.	2018	Cross-sectional	Australia	39532	M/F	55.3 ± 8.5	FFQ	Structured interview	No
Mazidi et al.	2018	Cross-sectional	USA	21 649	M/F	47.3 ± 0.25	24-hour diet recall	Questionnaire	No
McMahon et al.	2018	Cross-sectional	USA	40161	M	45-69	FFQ	Questionnaire and medical record	No
Rouhani et al.	2018	Cross-sectional	Iran	221	M/F	56.57 ± 15.32	FFQ	Self-report	No
Tomata et al.	2018	Cross-sectional	Japan	793	M/F	75.2 ± 4.5	Dietary history questionnaire	Self-report	No
Shivappa et al.	2018	Cross-sectional	Italy	20823	M/F	55.32 ± 11.6	FFQ	FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, medication use	No
Wirth	2018	Cross-sectional	USA	26046	M/F	46.1 ± 0.29	24-hour diet recall	Self-report	No
Zheng et al.	2018	Cross-sectional	USA	101449	M/F	65.52 ± 0.04	FFQ	Medical history	No
Abdulahi et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	Iran	300	M/F	42.9 ± 10.9	FFQ	FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL	Yes
Guinter et al.	2019	Cohort	USA	6016	M	48.2 ± 10.02	3-day diet record	Self-report of medication use, self-reports by their personal physician	Yes
King et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	USA	4434	M/F	49.4	24-hour diet recall	HbA1c (%)> 6.5, self-report	Yes
Laouali et al.	2019	Cohort	France	70991	F	53 ± 6.7	Dietary history questionnaire	FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or random glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L at diagnosis, use of a glucose-lowering medication, or HbA1c level ≥53 mmol/mol (7.0%)	Yes
Agraib et al.	2019	Case-control	Jordan	388	M/F	51.85 ± 10.2	FFQ	Interview-based standardized questionnaire	No
Asadi et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	Iran	4672	M/F	49.25 ± 7.85	FFQ	-	No
Bondonno et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	Australia	1422	F	75.2 ± 2.7	FFQ	Medical history	No
Morimoto et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	Brazil	684	M	59.7 ± 13.5	24-hour diet recall	Medical history	No
Morimoto et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	Brazil	1585	F	59.7 ± 13.5	24-hour diet recall	Medical history	No
Mark Park et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	USA	1815	M/F	41	24-hour diet recall	FPG ≥ 100 mg/dL or antidiabetic medication use, HOMA-IR ≥ 90th	No
Mark Park et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	USA	1918	M/F	48.7	24-hour diet recall	FPG ≥ 100 mg/dL or antidiabetic medication use, HOMA-IR ≥ 90th	No
Tyrovolas et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	Greece	3042	M/F	45 ± 14	FFQ	Self-report	No
Veronese et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	Italy	1565	M/F	65.5 ± 8.9	FFQ	Self-report	No
Zheng et al.	2019	Cross-sectional	USA	533256	M/F	61.68 ± 0.02	FFQ	Self-report	No
Hoon Lee et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	USA	19666	M/F	52.7 ± 9.6	FFQ	Self-report	Yes
Asadi et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	Iran	4365	M/F	49.14 ± 7.88	FFQ	-	No
Herrou et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	France	15096	M/F	60.5 ± 5.88	24-hour diet recall	Medical record	No
Lee et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	Korea	1712	M	52.14 ± 0.2	24-hour diet recall	-	No
Lee et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	Korea	2473	F	52.87 ± 0.2	24-hour diet recall	-	No
Li et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	USA	210145	M/F	46.9 ± 9.2	FFQ	Self-report	No
Li et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	USA	210145	M/F	46.9 ± 9.2	FFQ	Self-report	No
Li et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	USA	210145	M/F	46.9 ± 9.2	FFQ	Self-report	No
Wang et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	USA	6893	M/F	69.66 ± 0.3	24-hour diet recall	FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2 h glucose ≥200 mg/dL, self-report, insulin use	No
Wang et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	China	1064	F	65 ± 0.5	FFQ	Medical history	No
Zabetian-Targhi et al.	2020	Cross-sectional	Australia	706	M/F	67.7 ± 6.9	FFQ	RPG ≥ 199.8 mg/dL, FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2 h glucose ≥199.8 mg/dL	No

M: male; F: female; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; RPG: random plasma glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance