The Possible Mediatory Role of Inflammatory Markers on the Association of Dietary Insulin Index and Insulin Load with Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Overweight and Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Dietary intakes of the study population between the median of DII and DIL (n = 219).
Variables
DII median
value
value∗
DIL median
value
value
Low <38.82 n = 109
High >38.82 n = 110
Low <97155.69 n = 109
High >97155.69 n = 110
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Food groups
Whole grains (g/d)
8.30 (10.80)
7.98 (11.14)
0.82
0.60
7.59 (10.14)
8.68 (11.72)
0.46
0.44
Fruits (g/d)
456.94 (286.88)
619.14 (405.27)
<0.001
0.01
385.50 (247.91)
690.57 (389.09)
<0.001
0.88
Vegetables (g/d)
454.31 (260.71)
439.43 (273.50)
0.68
0.20
401.19 (248.33)
492.55 (277.49)
0.01
0.04
Legumes (g/d)
61.15 (46.53)
47.73 (39.35)
0.02
<0.001
49.20 (38.16)
59.69 (47.88)
0.07
0.58
Nuts (g/d)
17.02 (19.07)
14.96 (16.26)
0.39
0.05
12.29 (16.16)
19.69 (18.47)
<0.001
0.02
Dairy (g/d)
371.76 (244.18)
423.43 (270.36)
0.14
0.56
317.02 (204.36)
477.67 (281.37)
<0.001
0.95
Eggs (g/d)
21.13 (13.42)
21.71 (14.43)
0.75
0.87
18.85 (11.65)
23.98 (15.47)
<0.001
0.36
Meat (g/d)
70.51 (56.73)
60.30 (37.20)
0.11
<0.001
52.88 (32.11)
77.94 (57.50)
<0.001
0.35
Energy and macronutrients
Energy (kcal)
2496.26 (771.18)
2742.51 (729.87)
0.01
—
2029.80 (392.70)
3208.9 (549.69)
<0.001
—
Carbohydrates (g/d)
335.66 (114.91)
411.01 (119.03)
<0.001
<0.001
279.72 (63.05)
466.9 (92.59)
<0.001
0.01
Fat (g/d)
97.45 (35.55)
91.08 (29.28)
0.15
<0.001
76.04 (24.59)
112.49 (29.44)
<0.001
<0.001
Protein (g/d)
86.54 (30.29)
91.48 (25.18)
0.19
0.25
71.22 (17.97)
106.80 (24.54)
<0.001
<0.001
Total fiber (g/d)
44.45 (20.63)
45.52 (16.98)
0.67
0.17
36.03 (15.74)
53.93 (17.47)
<0.001
0.16
PUFA (g/d)
21.74 (9.93)
18.04 (6.75)
<0.001
<0.001
17.430 (8.74)
22.355 (7.91)
<0.001
<0.001
SFA (g/d)
27.61 (11.86)
28.66 (10.65)
0.49
0.08
21.834 (7.21)
34.442 (11.07)
<0.001
0.91
Micronutrients
Iron (mg/d)
17.42 (5.97)
19.98 (5.83)
<0.001
<0.001
14.34 (3.57)
23.06 (4.68)
<0.001
0.13
Zinc (mg/d)
12.29 (4.28)
13.94 (4.15)
<0.001
0.06
10.14 (2.78)
16.09 (3.36)
<0.001
0.08
Calcium (mg/d)
1109.28 (439.15)
1235.43 (406.79)
0.02
0.27
937.00 (330.86)
1407.71 (380.91)
<0.001
0.54
Magnesium (mg/d)
430.30 (145.49)
500.58 (144.78)
<0.001
<0.001
366.66 (115.44)
564.22 (107.72)
<0.001
0.26
Potassium (mEq/d)
4160.62 (1544.47)
4641.50 (1594.98)
0.02
0.36
3489.26 (1206.51)
5312.86 (1382.83)
<0.001
0.58
Sodium (mg/d)
4194.90 (1455.36)
4291.66 (1432.26)
0.62
0.20
3504.49 (983.78)
4982.08 (1450.73)
<0.001
0.88
Phosphorus (mg/d)
1541.34 (532.46)
1754.66 (490.52)
<0.001
0.01
1296.81 (350.49)
1999.19 (418.68)
<0.001
0.07
Vitamin C (mg/d)
172.33 (102.26)
221.02 (151.95)
<0.001
0.06
142.75 (83.86)
250.59 (147.79)
<0.001
0.72
Vitamin E (mg/d)
18.59 (10.57)
15.41 (6.77)
<0.001
<0.001
15.26 (8.71)
18.74 (8.98)
<0.001
0.03
Thiamin (mg/d)
1.86 (0.629)
2.26 (0.59)
<0.001
<0.001
1.58 (0.37)
2.54 (0.46)
<0.001
<0.001
Riboflavin (mg/d)
2.09 (0.81)
2.35 (0.86)
0.02
0.24
1.73 (0.53)
2.71 (0.82)
<0.001
0.37
Niacin (mg/d)
24.12 (9.32)
26.16 (8.25)
0.08
0.91
19.84 (5.18)
30.44 (8.57)
<0.001
0.86
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
2.05 (0.74)
2.30 (0.66)
<0.001
0.12
1.72 (0.468)
2.62 (0.63)
<0.001
0.72
Folate (mcg/d)
572.63 (176.35)
640.46 (168.76)
<0.001
0.08
491.786 (123.818)
721.31 (141.37)
<0.001
0.55
Vitamin B12 (mcg/d)
4.63 (3.15)
4.40 (1.73)
0.50
0.07
3.61 (1.57)
5.42 (2.96)
<0.001
0.97
DIL: dietary insulin load, DII: dietary insulin index, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid, and SFA: saturated fatty acid. Values are represented as means (SD). values obtained from ANOVA. value obtained from ANCOVA reported after adjusting total energy intake. values <0.05 were considered as significant. values 0.05–0.07 are considered as marginally significant. values marked in bold show significant or marginally significant differences.
