International Journal of Clinical Practice

Research Article

Effects of Different Inspiratory Muscle Training Protocols on Exercise Capacity, Respiratory Muscle Strength, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Hypertension

Table 1

Demographic, physical, and physiologic characteristics of HT patients.


Variables	CG (n: 15)	LLG (n: 15)	HLG (n: 15)	P value
Variables	Mean ± SD/median (IQR)/n (%)	Mean ± SD/median (IQR)/n (%)	Mean ± SD/median (IQR)/n (%)	P value

Age (years)	59.13 ± 11.22	56.20 ± 6.39	59.86 ± 7.98	0.486
BMI (kg/m²)	26.69 ± 4.42	29.80 ± 3.11	28.75 ± 4.54	0.753
Gender (female/male)	4 (26.7)/11 (73.3)	1 (6.7)/14 (93.3)	2 (13.3)/13 (86.7)	0.463
Level of education
Illiterate	1 (6.7)	1 (6.7)	1 (6.7)	0.911
Literate	2 (13.2)	0 (0)	5 (33.3)
Primary education or less	4 (26.7)	5 (33.3)	3 (20)
Secondary education	5 (33.3)	7 (46.7)	1 (6.7)
High school education	1 (6.7)	1 (6.7)	3 (20)
University	2 (13.3)	1 (6.7)	2 (13.3)
Marital status
Married/single/widowed	13 (86.7)/1 (6.7)/1 (6.7)	14 (93.3)/1 (6.7)/0 (0)	15 (100)/0 (0)/0 (0)	0.762
Occupation
Retired/housewife/civil servant/worker/farmer/self-employed/driver	6 (40)/3 (20)/2 (13.3)/0 (0)/0 (0)/3 (20)/1 (6.7)	2 (13.3)/1 (6.7)/2 (13.3)/1 (6.7)/2 (13.3)/6 (40)/1 (6.7)	7 (46.7)/2 (13.3)/1 (6.7)/2 (13.3)/0 (0)/0 (0)/3 (20)	0.426
Family medical history
HT	5 (35.7)	0 (0)	3 (23.1)	0.070
DM	3 (21.4)	4 (30.8)	5 (38.5)	0.630
CAD	6 (42.9)	7 (46.7)	2 (15.4)	0.189
Physical activity status
Yes	7 (46.7)	5 (33.3)	5 (33.3)	0.795
No	8 (53.3)	10 (66.7)	10 (66.7)	0.795
Smoking
Current	3 (20)	4 (26.7)	4 (26.7)	0.832
Ex	5 (33.3)	7 (46.7)	7 (46.7)
Nonsmoker	7 (46.7)	4 (26.7)	4 (26.7)
Alcohol consumption
Current	4 (26.7)	2 (13.3)	2 (26.7)	0.614
Ex	0 (0)	2 (13.3)	1 (6.7)
No	11 (73.3)	11 (73.3)	12 (80)
mMRC (0–4)	1 (1-1)	1 (1–1.5)	1 (1-1)	0.391
Resting MBS (0–10)	0 (0-1)	0 (0–0.5)	0 (0-1)	0.841
Activity MBS (0–10)	4 (3–5)	3 (1.25–6.5)	3 (2–4)	0.105
Exertional dyspnea	13 (86.7)	11(73.3)	11 (73.3)	0.734

CAD: coronary artery disease, DM: diabetes mellitus, HT: hypertension, mMRC: Modified Medical Research Council, MBS: Modified Borg Scale, and Kruskal–Wallis test/ANOVA/chi-square test, .