Effects of Different Inspiratory Muscle Training Protocols on Exercise Capacity, Respiratory Muscle Strength, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Hypertension
Table 3
Comparisons of peripheral muscle strength, exercise capacity, HrQoL, depression, anxiety, sleep quality, physical activity status, dyspnea, and blood pressure within and between the groups.
CG (n: 15)
LLG (n: 15)
HLG (n: 15)
Treatment effect p value
Pre mean ± SD
Post mean ± SD
Within group p value
Pre mean ± SD
Post mean ± SD
Within ;group p value
Pre mean ± SD
Post mean ± SD
Within group p value
QF strength R (N)
167.26 ± 55.55
182.08 ± 50.16
0.299
180.33 ± 47.33
207.25 ± 46.07
0.022
182.80 ± 53.54
206.72 ± 76.08
0.035
0.606
QF strength L (N)
159.68 ± 62.51
168.86 ± 45.21
0.421
167.26 ± 48.20
201.81 ± 55.72
0.001
173.5 ± 47.97
195.50 ± 72.85
0.026
0.181
HG strength R (kgf)
62 ± 23.39
64.47 ± 22.53
0.531
66.66 ± 22.49
76.85 ± 19.31
0.001
78.80 ± 23.03
90.56 ± 28.16
<0.001
0.039
HG strength L (kgf)
57.26 ± 16.70
60.65 ± 16.56
0.409
68.60 ± 21.10
71.82 ± 19.05
0.138
76.40 ± 23.58
81.25 ± 22.94
0.011
0.462
6MWT (m)
473.68 ± 67.64
496.13 ± 82.15
0.116
470.00 ± 102.101
537.55 ± 48.53
<0.001
490.92 ± 52.60
551.66 ± 52.04
<0.001
0.020
SF-36 scale PF
65.66 ± 25.62
67.30 ± 25.27
0.500
71.33 ± 26.08
85.10 ± 15.84
0.001
86.33 ± 8.12
92.45 ± 7.67
0.003
0.010
SF-36 scale PRF
61.66 ± 44.18
58.31 ± 44.22
0.481
64.66 ± 43.03
81.55 ± 38.58
0.068
76.66 ± 37.16
87.45 ± 35.63
0.088
0.132
SF-36 scale BP
54 ± 25.40
63.83 ± 20.02
0.943
80.50 ± 22.70
83.53 ± 24.92
0.049
67.33 ± 20.81
83.46 ± 24
0.008
0.175
SF-36 scale SF
71.66 ± 27.33
70.77 ± 32.17
0.698
74.1 ± 34.54
76.57 ± 21.03
0.687
75.83 ± 23.36
88.78 ± 22.73
0.031
0.177
SF-36 scale vitality
51.66 ± 20.23
56.42 ± 25.58
0.324
50.66 ± 24.26
61.71 ± 24.68
0.033
50.66 ± 19.80
56.76 ± 23.20
0.232
0.661
SF-36 scale ERF
51.18 ± 46.94
59.28 ± 48.03
0.448
64.44 ± 46.23
73.92 ± 43.44
0.128
44.44 ± 49.86
74.68 ± 39.83
0.008
0.355
SF-36 scale mental health
61.86 ± 15.91
62.94 ± 20.14
0.649
55.73 ± 19.15
70.68 ± 19.20
0.002
54.66 ± 21.25
57.79 ± 23.75
0.606
0.083
SF-36 scale general health
54 ± 14.41
60.44 ± 20.24
0.206
60.66 ± 18.97
58.94 ± 18.40
0.925
52.33 ± 18.59
58.24 ± 20.45
0.323
0.690
HADS total score
8.46 ± 5.90
9.20 ± 6.98
0.402
6 ± 2.75
4.96 ± 4.25
0.144
9.64 ± 6.38
7.48 ± 4.81
0.104
0.143
PSQI total score
4.73 ± 1.70
4.69 ± 2.79
0.933
4.60 ± 1.68
4.33 ± 1.84
0.494
4.40 ± 1.99
4.12 ± 2.13
0.385
0.879
IPAQ total (MET-min/week)
964.53 ± 822.89
828.90 ± 781.72
0.503
1255.90 ± 1470.91
1321.17 ± 1423.35
0.753
1164.13 ± 1010.86
1893.03 ± 1766.95
<0.001
0.013
FSS total score
38.06 ± 17.81
31.68 ± 14.72
0.151
32.53 ± 13.45
24.46 ± 10.68
0.004
31.00 ± 13.87
30.29 ± 14.10
0.460
0.264
Dyspnea (rest. 0–10)
0.38 ± 0.96
0.46 ± 1.19
0.575
0.92 ± 0.20
0.19 ± 0.55
0.012
0.53 ± 1.30
0.07 ± 0.27
0.009
0.244
SBP (rest. mmHg)
123.07 ± 13.15
122.21 ± 18.79
0.182
136.64 ± 12.25
130.83 ± 18.35
0.962
130.00 ± 19.14
132.05 ± 14.20
0.682
0.438
DBP (rest. mmHg)
74.23 ± 9.86
74.56 ± 10.27
0.352
84.85 ± 7.39
78.18 ± 12.95
0.151
85.83 ± 14.50
80.20 ± 16.11
0.370
0.926
QF, quadriceps femoris; HG, hand grip; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; N, Newton; SF-36, short form 36; PF, physical functioning; PRF, physical role functioning; BP, bodily pain; SF, social functioning; ERF, emotional role functioning; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ANCOVA test; .
