Alternative Reproductive Tactics in the Shell-Brooding Lake Tanganyika Cichlid Neolamprologus brevis

Table 1

Differences in four behavior types for male 𝑁.brevis within and among habitats.

	Habitats
	Sand-bottom habitats		Rocky habitats
	Shell bed	Separated shell	Aggregation	Shell patch
Females	(N = 7)	(N = 3)		(N = 14)
Time spent in shell (min)	0.28±0.50^a	3.33±5.77^ab		8.34±2.82^b
Number of feeding pecks	76.9±35.6^a	73.3±69.4^a		0.36±1.33^b
Number of intraspecific attacks	1.14±1.57^a	0^b		0^b
Number of heterospecific attacks	0.71±0.76^a	1.33±1.53^ab		0^b
Males	(N = 12)	(N = 19)	(N = 23)	(N = 22)^†	(N = 23)^‡
Time spent in shell (min)	0.09±0.21^a	0^a	0^a	0.01±0.04^a	4.78±3.55^b
Number of feeding pecks	48.5±25.6^ab	82.8±100.1^a	57.2 ± 40.5^a	11.5±24.7^b	1.3±3.1^c
Number of intraspecific attacks	3.3±4.5^a	2.5±2.0^a	0^b	3.8±3.9^a	0.09±0.29^b
Number of heterospecific attacks	1.17±1.64^a	1.58±3.08^a	0.04±0.21^b	0.77±0.87^a	0.04±0.21^b

Values are means ± SD.
Different letters beside the value indicate statistical significances determined using the Bonferroni correction.
^†Males floating above shell patches.
^‡Males found in shell of shell patches.