In with the Old, in with the New: The Promiscuity of the Duplication Process Engenders Diverse Pathways for Novel Gene Creation

Table 2

Some examples of partial gene duplicates conferring novel function.

Phylogenetic distribution	Partial duplicate	Ancestral locus	Type of partial duplication	Comments	References
Antarctic Notothenioid fish Dissostichus mawsoni	AFGP	Trypsinogen	Partial duplication with internal amplification	Creation of a novel antifreeze glycoprotein from an ancestral pancreatic enzyme	[21]
Antarctic eelpout Lycodichthys dearborni	AFPIII	Sialic acid synthase	Partial duplication in tandem array	Creation of a novel antifreeze protein from an ancestral cytoplasmic enzyme	[110]
Caenorhabditis elegans	fog-2	ftr-1	Partial duplication with recruitment	Creation of a novel gene implicated in hermaphrodite spermatogenesis from an ancestral gene of unknown function; evolution of hermaphroditism	[113]
Common ancestor, of Drosophila simulans, D. mauritiana, D. sechellia	Hun	Bällchen	Partial duplication with recruitment	Creation of a novel gene with testis-specific expression from an ancestral kinase gene	[109]
Homo sapiens	SRGAP2C	SRGAP2	Partial duplication	Novel gene unique to humans; linked to increased cognitive ability in the Homo lineage	[114, 115]
Xenopus laevis	DM-W	DMRT-1	Partial duplication	Creation of a novel female sex-determination gene	[116–118]