In with the Old, in with the New: The Promiscuity of the Duplication Process Engenders Diverse Pathways for Novel Gene Creation

Table 3

Estimates of effective population size (𝑁_𝑒) for a sampling of species.

Species	𝑁𝑒	References
Prokaryotes
Escherichia coli	25,000,000	[192]
Unicellular Eukaryotes
Paramecium species	25,000,000–75,000,000	[193]
Plasmodium falciparum	210,000–300,000	[194]
Saccharomyces paradoxus	10,000,000	[195]
Multicellular Eukaryotes
Invertebrates
Caenorhabditis elegans	80,000	[196]
Caenorhabditis remanei	1,600,000	[197]
Drosophila melanogaster	1,150,000	[198]
Drosophila simulans	2,600,000	[199]
Plants
Arabidopsis lyrata	138,000	[200]
Arabidopsis thaliana	127,000	[200]
Capsella grandiflora	500,000	[201]
Helianthus annuus	832,000	[200]
Helianthus petiolaris	733,000	[200]
European aspen Populus tremula	118,000–500,000	[202, 203]
Zea mays	590,000	[200]
Vertebrates
Mus domesticus	161,000	[199]
Mus castaneus	500,000	[204]
Bonobos	12,300	[205]
Chimpanzee	21,300	[205]
Human	10,400	[205]
Gray Whale	34,410	[206]