What Can Phages Tell Us about Host-Pathogen Coevolution?

Table 1

Outcomes of experimental coevolutionary studies using bacteriophage and their bacterial hosts. In this table, the number of coevolutionary cycles and final states of laboratory experimental studies using bacteriophage are documented. Only those studies that did not explicitly manipulate experimental conditions (e.g., resource availability, gene flow) are presented; thus, this is not a comprehensive analysis of all bacteriophage coevolution studies.

Host	Parasite	Type	Duration	Cycles^a	Outcome	Reference
Escherichia coli	T2	Chemostat	19 days	1-2?	Phage and host persistence	Paynter and Bungay, 1969 [69]
E. coli	T4	Chemostat	75 days	0.5	Host resistance^b	Horne, 1970 [33]
Plectonema boryanum	LPP-1	Quasi-continuous	80 days	1-2?	Host resistance^b	Cowlishaw and Mrsa, 1975 [25]
P. boryanum	LPP-1	Chemostat	90 days	2.5	Host resistance^b	Cannon et al., 1976 [26]
E. coli	T7	Chemostat	68 days	1.5	Host resistance^b	Chao et al., 1977 [28]
P. boryanum	LPP-DUN1	Chemostat	60 days	2.5?	Phage and host persistence, partial host resistance	Barnet et al., 1981 [29]
Aphanothece stagnina	Aph-1	Chemostat	60 days	2.5	Host resistance^b	Barnet et al., 1981 [29]
E. coli	T2	Chemostat	12 days	1.5	Host resistance^b	Lenski and Levin, 1985 [30]
E. coli	T4	Chemostat	21 days	0.5	Host resistance^b	Lenski and Levin, 1985 [30]
E. coli	T5	Chemostat	12 days	0.5	Phage extinction	Lenski and Levin, 1985 [30]
E. coli	T7	Chemostat	12 days	1.5	Host resistance^b	Lenski and Levin, 1985 [30]
E. coli	λ	Chemostat	135 days	1	Phage and host persistence, partial host resistance	Spanakis and Horne, 1987 [31]
E. coli	λ	Chemostat	12 days	0.5	Host resistance^b	Schrag and Mittler, 1996 [68]
E. coli		Serial transfer	7 days	0.5	50% of lineages extinct after 7 days, all assumed extinct after 15 days	Schrag and Mittler, 1996 [68]
E. coli	T1X	Chemostat	12 days	0.5	Host resistance^b	Schrag and Mittler, 1996 [68]
E. coli		Serial transfer	7 days	0.5	Phage extinction	Schrag and Mittler, 1996 [68]
P. fluorescens	Φ2	Serial transfer	100 days	Multiple	Phage and host persistence	Buckling and Rainey, 2002 [53]
E. coli	PP01	Chemostat	8 days	Multiple	Phage and host persistence	Mizoguchi et al., 2003 [66]
Pseudomonas phaseolicola	Φ6	Serial transfer	21 days	0.5	5/8 phage lines extinct, others persist on partially resistant hosts	Lythgoe and Chao, 2003 [70]
Vibrio cholerae	JSF4	Chemostat	15 days	0.5	Host resistance^b	Wei et al., 2010 [64]
V. cholerae	B phage	Chemostat	6 days	0.5	Host resistance^b	Wei et al., 2011 [63]
V. cholerae	T phage	Chemostat	25 days	0.5	Host resistance^b	Wei et al., 2011 [63]
E. coli	Qβ	Chemostat	54 days	2	Phage and host persistence	Kashiwagi and Yomo, 2011 [71]
Synechococcus sp. WH7803	RIM8	Chemostat	167 days	>4	Phage and host persistence	Marston et al., 2012 [72]

^aThe evolution of host resistance to phage is considered a half cycle. A full cycle occurs when the appearance of resistant host is countered by a host range mutant.
^bContinued persistence of sensitive bacteria in spatial refuges (i.e., wall population) allowed low-level phage persistence.