What Explains Forest Grouse Mortality: Predation Impacts of Raptors, Vole Abundance, or Weather Conditions?

<table>Vole index (●), kill rate of black grouse chicks by buzzards (°) and combined kill rate by buzzards and goshawks (dashed line) in South Ostrobotnia in western Finland during 1985–1993.</table>

International Journal of Ecology

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Figure 3

Figure 3: What Explains Forest Grouse Mortality: Predation Impacts of Raptors, Vole Abundance, or Weather Conditions? 