Parallel Ecological Speciation in Plants?

Table 2

Examples of parallel ecological speciation in animals showing the strength of evidence for each case. This list is not exhaustive and instead is a selection of well-studied cases serving as a comparison to the plant examples. The strength of evidence for each case was coded as follows: ***: strong direct evidence, **: weak direct evidence, *: indirect evidence, —: no evidence, †: evidence against, and NA: no data.

Species	Min. number of origins	Independence	Isolation	Compatibility	Selection	Major parallel trait(s)	References
Astyanax cave fishes	2	***	**	**	***	Pigmentation, eye functionality	[27]
Coregonus clupeaformis	6	***	**	*	***	Body size and shape, foraging niche	[13, 108–115]
Coregonus lavaretus	3	***	*	*	***	Body size and shape, foraging niche	[14, 115–117]
Gasterosteus aculeatus benthic/limnetic	5	***	**	**	**	Body size and shape, foraging niche	[3, 15, 16, 23, 24, 118–122]
Gasterosteus aculeatus lake/stream	6	***	**	*	**	Body size and shape, foraging niche	[3, 23, 123–130]
Gasterosteus aculeatus anadromous/stream resident	many	***	**	**	***	Body size and shape, life history	[3, 17, 23, 131–133]
Littorina saxatilis-Galician Spain	3	***	***	*	***	Shell size and shape, microhabitat adaptation	[18, 19, 134–141]
Timema cristinae	NA	***	**	**	**	Color pattern, host plant adaptation	[20, 142–144]