Cervus elaphus Foraging Impacts on Plants and Soils at an Ungrazed Desert Grass/Shrubland in Northwestern New Mexico, USA

Table 1

Mean numbers of C. elaphus and O. hemionus pellet groups in use and control areas of Chaco Wash (Wash) and side canyons (Canyon), Chaco Culture National Historical Park, April 2004–2007.

Year	Treatment	Canyon	C. elaphus		O. hemionus
			Groups	SE	Groups	SE
2004	Control	Wash	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.4
		Canyon	0	0	0.6	0.7
	Use	Wash	7.9	2.6	1.5	1.3
		Canyon	6.0	3.7	2.5	2.6
2005	Control	Wash	0.3	0.2	1.9	0.5
		Canyon	2.3	0.9	8.9	0.8
	Use	Wash	6.9	1.4	2.7	0.5
		Canyon	13.7	2.1	8.5	0.8
2006	Control	Wash	0.6	0.3	0.2	0.3
		Canyon	0.3	0.2	1.2	0.8
	Use	Wash	3.6	1.1	0.4	0.4
		Canyon	4.2	1.0	2.4	1.2
2007	Control	Wash	0.6	0.3	4.0	0.9
		Canyon	0.1	0.1	1.1	0.3
	Use	Wash	2.9	0.9	5.1	1.0
		Canyon	3.2	0.5	2.4	0.3

Means with different letters within a year and species differ ().