International Journal of Ecology

Research Article

Effects of Prosopis velutina Invasion on Soil Characteristics along the Riverine System of the Molopo River in North-West Province, South Africa

Table 2

Mean (±SEM) of selected soil properties in three soil stands at five study sites Influenced by Prosopis species.


Soil properties	Positions	Sites
Soil properties	Positions	Tshidilamolomo I	Tshidilamolomo II	Mabule	Black Heat Farm	Bray

Ca (mg kg⁻¹)	UC	13.12 ± 2.8a	17 ± 5.8a	6.23 ± 1.8a	2.53 ± 0.3a	6.64 ± 1.3a
	IC	4.50 ± 0.4b	4.04 ± 0.2c	2.93 ± 0.6b	1.8 ± 0.2b	7.14 ± 0.6a
	BM	1.91 ± 0.9c	14.7 ± 1b	1.75 ± 0.2c	1.72 ± 0.4b	6.23 ± 1.2a
	value	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	0.003	0.44

K (mg kg^-1)	UC	0.77 ± 0.3a	0.52 ± 0.16a	0.44 ± 0.09 a	0.22 ± 0.05b	0.70 ± 0.08a
	IC	0.16 ± 0.02b	0.29 ± 0.01b	0.41 ± 0.01a	0.22 ± 0.0b	0.70 ± 0.07a
	BM	0.18 ± 0.01b	0.16 ± 0.01c	0.18 ± 0.02b	0.67 ± 0.04a	0.30 ± 0.1b
	value	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05

Mg (mg kg⁻¹)	UC	3.57 ± 1.46a	4.63 ± 0.07a	2.17 ± 0.60a	0.82 ± 0.01b	0.47 ± 0.03a
	IC	0.48 ± 0.05b	0.86 ± 0.08b	2.15 ± 0.08a	0.72 ± 0.01b	0.15 ± 0.02a
	BM	0.57 ± 0.07b	4.60 ± 0.23a	1.13 ± 0.08b	0.94 ± 0.08a	0.29 ± 0.05b
	value	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05

Na (mg kg⁻¹)	UC	0.05 ± 0.03a	0.02 ± 0.0b	0.06 ± 0.01a	0.02 ± 0.0a	0.04 ± 0.01ab
	IC	0.02 ± 0.0b	0.02 ± 0.0b	0.04 ± 0.0ab	0.02 ± 0.0a	0.04 ± 0.0a
	BM	0.02 ± 0.0b	0.13 ± 0.01a	0.02 ± 0.0b	0.02 ± 0.02a	0.02 ± 0.0b
	value	0.01	<0.05	<0.05	0.37	<0.05

OM (%)	UC	2.37 ± 1.5a	7.29 ± 5.5a	1.72 ± 0.6a	0.4 ± 0.2a	1.91 ± 1.3a
	IC	0.30 ± 0.01c	0.36 ± 0.06c	0.24 ± 0.04b	0.2 ± 0.03b	0.24 ± 0.04b
	BM	1.66 ± 0.3b	2.50 ± 0.2b	0.48 ± 0.06b	1.5 ± 033b	0.20 ± 0.02b
	value	0.007	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	0.005

TN (%)	UC	0.09 ± 0.01a	0.06 ± 0.01a	0.07 ± 0.01a	0.02 ± 0.0b	0.11 ± 0.03a
	IC	0.03 ± 0.0b	0.03 ± 0.0b	0.02 ± 0.0b	0.02 ± 0.0b	0.04 ± 0.0b
	BM	0.03 ± 0.0b	0.02 ± 0.0b	0.03 ± 0.0b	0.08 ± 0.01a	0.04 ± 0.0b
	value	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05

pH	UC	8.2 ± 0.34a	8.1 ± 0.3a	7.8 ± 0.17a	7.4 ± 0.07b	7.6 ± 0.20b
	IC	8.2 ± 0.31a	8.2 ± 0.2a	8.3 ± 0.06a	7.4 ± 0.04b	8.0 ± 0.07ab
	BM	7.3 ± 0.09b	8.2 ± 0.1a	6.9 ± 0.14b	6.5 ± 0.14a	8.3 ± 0.07a
	value	<0.05	0.85	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05

P (mg kg⁻¹)	UC	11.25 ± 4.44a	14.27 ± 4.65b	7.84 ± 0.17a	23.19 ± 0.12c	57.40 ± 15.6b
	IC	7.17 ± 0.08b	13.70 ± 2.54b	4.82 ± 0.06b	31.78 ± 0.42b	74.24 ± 1.15a
	BM	7.31 ± 0.05c	46.26 ± 0.45a	4.34 ± 0.14b	79.61 ± 0.37a	12.65 ± 0.45c
	value	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05

EC (mS m⁻¹)	UC	1.09 ± 0.37a	1.26 ± 0.43a	1.12 ± 0.44a	0.22 ± 0.04b	2.01 ± 0.20a
	IC	0.39 ± 0.05ab	0.55 ± 0.07b	0.64 ± 0.25ab	0.22 ± 0.04b	1.49 ± 0.21ab
	BM	0.23 ± 0.03b	0.54 ± 0.28b	0.29 ± 0.03b	1.40 ± 0.32a	0.89 ± 0.12b
	value	<0.05	<0.05	0.002	<0.05	<0.05

CEC (cmolc kg⁻¹)	UC	13.18 ± 1.8a	10.48 ± 3.8b	7.5 ± 1.8a	4.68 ± 0.2a	5.19 ± 0.5b
	IC	8.18 ± 0.3b	4.58 ± 0.1c	5.6 ± 0.1ab	4.31 ± 0.2ab	6.47 ± 0.1a
	BM	3.16 ± 0.0c	17.15 ± 0.3a	3.0 ± 0.0b	3.76 ± 0.09b	6.51 ± 0.1a
	value	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05

Sand (%)	UC	78 ± 3.5b	75 ± 7.8b	84 ± 2.8b	90 ± 1.0a	88 ± 0.7ab
	IC	88 ± 1a	88 ± 1.2a	88 ± 1.4a	90 ± 0.0a	86 ± 1.4b
	BM	88 ± 0.7a	67 ± 2c	88 ± 0.7a	90 ± 0.7a	90 ± 0.7a
	value	<0.05	<0.05	0.02	0.07	<0.05

Silt (%)	UC	3 ± 1a	2 ± 0b	1 ± 1a	1 ± 1a	1 ± 1a
	IC	2 ± 0b	2 ± 0b	0 ± 0b	0 ± 0b	0 ± 0b
	BM	2 ± 0b	4 ± 0a	0 ± 0b	0 ± 0b	0 ± 0b
	value	0.02	<0.05	0.02	0.02	0.02

Clay (%)	UC	19 ± 2.2a	23 ± 8.4b	16 ± 3a	10 ± 1.4a	14 ± 1.0a
	IC	10 ± 0.7b	10 ± 1.2c	14 ± 2a	10 ± 1.2a	14 ± 0.0a
	BM	10 ± 1.4b	34 ± 0.7a	12 ± 1a	10 ± 1.4a	10 ± 1.4b
	value	<0.05	<0.05	0.05	1	<0.05

Different superscript letters within each column indicate significant differences () in soil properties between UC, IC, and BM according to Tukey’s HSD test.