Trophic Transfer and Accumulation of Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystem: Risk to Food Security and Human Health

Table 2

Effects of different polymers in different freshwater organisms.

Polymer	Organism	Effect	Reference
PVC, PP	Chlorella (C.) pyrenoidosa and Microcystis (M.) flos-aquae	Inhibited photosynthesis activity	[64]
PS	Chlorella pyrenoidosa	Physical damage, oxidative stress, reduction in growth	[65]
PA, PE, PP, PVC	Danio rerio	Intestinal damage, oxidative stress	[66]
PVC, PE	Dicentrarchus labrax	Immune system dysfunction, histopathological effects	[67]
PA, PE, PP, PVC	Caenorhabditis elegans	Inhibited survival rate, body length, and reproduction	[66]
PE	Hydra attenuate	Changes in feeding and morphology	[68]
PET	Gammarus pulex	Affect survival and metabolism	[69]
Polymer microspheres	Dicentrarchus labrax	Negative effect on swimming performance	[70]
PS, PA (polyethylene acrylate), EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)	Carassius auratus	Histopathological effects, damages in jaw	[71]
LDPE	Clarias gariepinus	Histopathological effects	[72]
PVC	Dicentrarchus labrax	Histological changes and alterations in intestinal tissues	[73]
PS	Danio rerio	Inflammation and lipid accumulation in fish liver-oxidative stress was induced. Alterations of metabolic profiles in fish liver	[74]
PE, PP	Hyalella azteca	Decreased growth and reproduction	[75]