Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Tribal Communities and Sustainability of Nature and Natural Resources in Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve in India

Table 1

Important plant species used by local people in selected villages of Pachmarhi biosphere reserve in India.

Sl. no.	Botanical name	Local	Habit	Part collected	Uses
1	Acacia arabica Willd.	Babul/bamur	Middle size tree	Stem	Fuel wood; Construction of wheel of bullock carts; Agricultural implements
2	Acacia catechu Willd.	Khair	Small tree	Stem	House construction; Fuel wood; Husking tool (mussel)
				Bark	Medicinal (dysentery)
3	Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del.	Subabool	Tree	Leaf	Fodder
				Stem	Firewood
4	Aegle marmelos Correa.	Bel	Tree	Fruit	Edible; Medicinal (stomach disorder)
				Leaf	Religious (offer to goddesses)
5	Aloe barbadensis Mill.	Gourpatha	Herb	Leaf	Digestive, burnt, headache
6	Andrographis peniculata Nees.	Kadwa chirwa	Herb	Whole plant	Malaria
7	Anogeissus latifolia Wall.	Dhabda/Dhawra	Tree	Stem	House construction; Fuel wood; Agriculture
				Resin	Selling
8	Anogeissus pendula Edgew.	Kala dhokda/Kardhai	Tree	Bark	Medicinal (dysentery, cough)
				Stem	Firewood
				Leaf	Fodders for cattle and goats
9	Anona squamosa L.	Sarifa/Sitaphal	Small tree	Fruit	Edible
				Leaf	Ethno-veterinary use
10	Anthistiria ciliata L.	Ganeya grass	Grass	Whole	Fodder; Fencing the land bunds; Mulching
11	Asparagus racemosus Willd.	Satawari	Woody climber	Tuber	Medicine
12	Azadirachta indica A.H.L. Juss.	Neem/Lim	Tree	Fruit	Oil (use in scabies)
				Leaf	Medicinal (malaria),; Mosquito repellent
				Bark	Medicinal (fever)
				Stem	Toothbrush/toothache; Fever; Agricultural implement
13	—	Mushroom	Fungi		Edible
14	Bauhinia purpurea L.	Keolar	Small tree	Leaf	Vegetable
15	Bauhinia variegata L.	Kachnar	Small tree	Leaf	Edible
16	Bauhinia vahlii (W. and A.) Benth.	Mahul, malu	Woody climber	Leaf	Cup and plate making; Rope making
17	Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC.	Daruhaldi	Shrub	Root	Medicinal (gynecological, inflamation)
18	Bombax ceiba L.	Semel, semra	Tree	Fruit	Medicine (boil); Chicken pox—it is used with kapoor to worship
19	Boswellia serrata Roxb.	Salei	Tree	Resin	Marketing
20	Buchanania lanzan Roxb.	Achar/Chironji	Tree	Fruit	Edible
				Seed	Edible
21	Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze	Palaas/Khakra	Tree	Leaf	Cup and plate making
				Stem	Cultural plant (thatched in marriage spot); Death ceremony/used during cremation
22	Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.	Tuar/Leher	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Edible
23	Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryander.	Akwa	Shrub	Leaf	Ethno-veterinary, muscle pain
				Flower	Worship of shiva
24	Canavalia ensiformis DC.	Semi/Barhar	Herb (cultivated)	Fruit	Edible
25	Capsicum annum L.	Mirch	Herb (cultivated)	Fruit	Edible
26	Careya arborea Roxb.	Kumbhi	Middle sized tree	Bark	Fish poisoning
27	Casearia tomentosa Roxb	Tundra/Tundri	Small tree	Fruit	Fish poisoning
28	Cassia tora L.	Chakoda	Herb	Leaf	Vegetable
				Fruit	Marketing
29	Cedrela toona Roxb.	Mahaneem	Tree	Stem	Furniture; Boat
30	Celastrus paniculata Willd.	Unjain	Woody climber	Seed	Medicinal (cut and wound); Oil yielding
31	Centella asiatica L.	Brahmi	Herb	Leaf	Medicinal (stomach disorder, fever)
32	Cissus quadrangularis Wall.	Harjodi, hatjod	Climber	Stem	Medicinal (bone fracture)
33	Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker	Safed musli	Herb	Root	Medicinal (tonic)
34	Chloroxylon swietenia DC.	Ghiriha	Tree	Stem	House construction
					Agricultural implements; Fuel wood; Bullock cart
				Bark	Fish poison; Mosquito repellant
35	Cicer arietinum L.	Chana	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Edible; Marketing
36	Citrullus aromatica Salisb.	Kacheria	Herb	Fruit	Edible; Ethno-veterinary; Chatni
37	Citrus medica L.	Nimbu	Small tree	Fruit	Edible; Medicinal (stomach disorder, headache)
38	Costus spaciosus (Koenig ex Retz.) Smith	Keokand	Herb	Root	Tonic, stomach disorder
39	Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. and Schult.	Anatmul	Twining shrub	Root	Medicinal (gynecological); Tonic, used as tea
40	Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam.	Kaddu	Herb (cultivated)	Fruit	Edible
41	Curcuma aromatica L.	Banhaldi	Herb	Root	Medicine (skin); Gynecological disorder
42	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pearson	Dub	Grass	Whole plant	Cut and wound; Cultural
43	Delbergia paniculata Roxb.	Dhobi	Tree	Root	Medicinal
44	Dendrocalamus strictus Nees.	Bamboo	Grass	Stem	House construction
					Door making; Cultural (making of “Gatha” to carry the dead body); Fishing trap; Making of “Thatri” during village festival
				Twig	Edible (karla)
45	Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.	Agai	Middle sized tree	Fruit	Edible
46	Dioscorea alata L.	Ratalu	Climber	Rhizome	Edible; Medicinal (stomach disorder)
47	Dioscorea hispida Willd.	Baichandi	Climber	Rhizome	Medicinal
48	Dioscorea bulbifera L.	Kadukand/Bhatadu	Climber	Rhizome	Edible
49	Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.	Tendu	Tree	Fruit	Edible (ripe)
				Leaf	Selling
50	Embelia robusta Roxb.	Brehmoniya/Baibedang	Shrub	Bark	Medicinal (dysentery/fever/skin diseases)
51	Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench	Jowar	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Edible
52	Ficus benghalensis L.	Bargad	Tree	Fruit	Edible
				Leaf	Fodder
53	Ficus religiosa L.	Peepal	Tree	Fruit	Edible
54	Flemingia bracteata Roxb.	Galphula	Shrub	Root	Gynecological (easy delivery of child)
55	Garura pinnata Roxb.	Kekad	Tree	Stem	Agricultural implements
56	Gloriosa superba L.	Kalihari	Herb	Root	Medicinal (scorpion sting); Conflict generating species between families; Birth control/lady put it around the tammy
57	Gmelina arborea Roxb.	Kumbher	Tree	Fruit	Edible
58	Guizotia abyssinica Cass.	Jagni	Herb	Seed	Oil extraction; Marketing
59	Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br.	Gudmar	Woody climber	Root and twig	Medicinal (diabetes)
60	Hamidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br.	Dudhi bel	Twining shrub	Fruit	Edible
61	Hardwickia binata Roxb.	Anjan	Tree	Bark	Rope making
				Stem	House construction
62	Helicteres isora Linn.	Athni	Shrub	Bark	Rope making
63	Hibiscus cancellatus Roxb.	Kacheli	Herb	Whole plant	Medicinal (debility and impotence)
64	Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.	Dudhi	Tree	Fruit; Seed	Medicinal (dysentery)
65	Indigofera glandulosa Willd.	Barbada	Herb	Stem	House construction; Fuel wood
66	Indigofera pulchella Roxb.	Jirole	Shrub	Leaf	Vegetable
67	Ipomea sp.	Besaram	Shrub	Stem	Land boundary
68	Ischaemum angustifolum L.	Baber grass	Grass	Whole plant	House construction; Rope making; Broom making
69	Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.	Murdu/Murdi	Grass	Whole	Fodder; Rope making
70	Jetropha curcas L.	Rattanjot	Shrub	Fruit	Oil (applied on wound)
71	Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.	Lendia	Tree	Stem	Firewood; Land boundary making
72	Lantana camera L.	Lantana	Shrub	Whole	Fencing of agricultural land
73	Lawsonia alba Lamk.	Hina, mehdi	Shrub	Stem	Fencing and making of bunds
74	Leea macrophylla Roxb.	Hathpan, hathikand	Herb	Root	Joint pain
				Leaf	Vegetable
75	Litsea sebifera Persn.	Maida	Tree	Bark	Medicinal (diarrhea)
76	Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.	Tamatar	Herb (cultivated)	Fruit	Edible
77	Madhuca indica L.	Mahua/Guli	Tree	Flower	Edible after cooking; Liquor preparation/Offer to deities
				Fruit	Oil (curry preparation); Massage in body
				Stem	Cultural (marriage)
78	Manilkara hexandra (Roxb) Dub. Syn: Mimusops hexandra Roxb.	Khirni	Tree	Fruit	Edible
79	Melia azedarach L.	Tuni	Tree	Seed	Fish poison
80	Mangifera indica L.	Aam	Tree	Fruit	Edible (raw and ripe)
				Seed	Edible; Marketing
				Leaf	Cultural (making of marriage spot)
81	Mimosa pudica L.	Lajnu/Lajwanti	Under shrub	Whole plant	Medicine
82	Mitragyna parviflora (Roxb.) Korth.	Kem	Tree	Leafy branch	Cultural (marriage and death ceremony)
83	Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.	Munga/Sahjan	Small tree	Leaf; Fruit	Edible
84	Mucuna pruriens DC.	Keunch	Climber	Fruit	Snakebite
85	Oryza sativa L.	Dhan	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Edible
				Straw	Fodder
86	Panicum colonus L.	Sama	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Edible
87	Paspalum sanguinale Lamk.	Rai	Herb (cultivated)	Seed; Leaf	Oil; Vegetable
88	Paspalum scrobiculatum L.	Kodu/Badheli/Kora	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Edible after boiling; Given after delivery
89	Pennisetum purpureum (DC.) Baker.	Chinni	Grass	Whole	House construction; Broom making, rope making and cultural
90	Peucedanum nagpurense Prain.	Tejraj	Herb	Root	Tonic; Blood purifier
91	Phaseolus mungo L.	Urad	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Edible
92	Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.	Khajur	Tree	Fruit	Edible (ripe)
93	Phyllanthus officinalis L.	Amla	Tree	Fruit	Edible and medicinal (digestive)
				Leaf	Cultural (offer to gods and goddesses)
94	Plumbago zeylanica L.	Chitawar, chitrak	Shrub	Root	Gynecological (easy delivery) (leprosy/Blood purification)
				Leaf	Stomach disorder
95	Pongamia glabra Vent.	Kanji/karanj	Middle sized tree	Fruit	Oil extraction
96	Psoralea corylifolia L.	Babchi/baxi	Herb	Fruit	Selling
97	Psidium guava L.	Jam/Amrud/Bihi	Tree	Fruit	Both raw and ripe fruits are eaten
				Leaf	Medicinal (dysentery)
98	Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.	Bija	Tree	Stem	House construction; Furniture
99	Randia dumetorum Lamk.	Mainhar	Tree	Leaf	Vegetable
100	Rauvolfia serpentina L.	Sarpagandha	Under shrub	Fruit; Root	Snake bite
101	Ricinus communis L.	Arandi	Shrub	Fruit	Oil (headache, massaging body)
				Root	Easy delivery
102	Schleichera trijuga Willd.	Kusum	Tree	Fruit	Edible
103	Semecarpus anacardium L.	Bhelwa	Tree	Fruit	Edible; Medicine (feet cracking)
104	Sesamum indicum L.	Til	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Oil; Edible
105	Shorea robusta Gaertn.	Sal/Sarei	Tree	Stem	House construction; Furniture; Fuel wood; Plough making; Cultural (to prepare marriage spot); Offer to deities for appeasement; Tooth brush
				Resin	Medicinal (burn wound)
106	Solanum nigrum L.	Makoi	Herb	Fruit	Edible
107	Solanum melongena L.	Baigan	Herb (cultivated)	Fruit	Edible
108	Stephegyne parvifolia Korth	Kalam	Tree	Stem	Cultural (used during marriage)
109	Sterculia urens Roxb.	Gulhar/kullu	Tree	Resin	Medicinal (gynecological)
				Bark	Rope making
110	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	Jamun	Tree	Stem	Cultural (marriage)
				Fruit	Edible
				Leaf	Medicinal (dysentery); Cultural (placed on marriage spot)
				Seed	Medicinal (diabetic)
				Bark	Medicinal (dysentery)
111	Tamarindus indica L.	Emli	Tree	Fruit	Edible; Pickle preparation; Medicinal (ethno-veterinary); Selling
112	Tectona grandis L.	Sagaun	Tree	Stem	House construction; Furniture; Cultural (Thatri for worshipping deities are made of it)
113	Terminalia arjuna Bedd.	Arjun/Koha	Tree	Stem	Firewood; House construction
				Root	Stomach disorder
114	Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn). Roxb.	Beheda	Tree	Fruit	Medicinal (digestive)
115	Terminalia chebula Retz. and Willd.	Harra	Tree	Fruit	Medicinal (digestive)
116	Terminalia tomentosa W&A	Saja	Tree	Stem	House construction; Fuel wood; Used during marriage
117	Tinospora cordifolia Miers.	Gurbel, Guduchi	Woody climber	Root; Bark; Leaf	Tonic; Fever
118	Triticum aestivum L.	Ga	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Edible; Marketing
119	Urginea indica Kunth	Jangli piaz	Herb	Tuber	Ethno-veterinary
120	Vaccaria pyramidata Medik.	Musna	Herb	Flower	Ethno-veterinary
121	Viscum nepalense Willd.	Bandala	Semiparasitic shrub	Root	Medicinal
122	Vitex negundo L.	Nirgundi	Shrub	Whole	Fencing of agricultural land
123	Vitiveria zizanioides L.	Kash	Grass	Whole	House construction; Rope making
124	Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.	Dhawai	Shrub	Flower	Red dye, medicine
125	Zea mays L.	Makka	Herb (cultivated)	Seed	Edible
126	Zizyphus jujuba Lam.	Ber/Renga	Tree	Fruit	Edible
127	Zizyphus xylopyra Willd.	Ghont	Shrub	Bark	Agricultural implements; House construction
128	Zizypus rugosa Lamk.	Churnachitu	Shrub	Leaf; Fruit	Malaria; Edible