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| Categories and ESs | Explanation of ESs provided by the wetlands | Indicators for rating the relative importance | Role |
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| Provisioning services |
| a) Food (vegetables, crops, and fish) | Provision of cultivated food: vegetables (carrots, cabbage, garlic), crops (bean, barley, shalom lentils) from irrigated land, and fish from both reservoirs | Amount and number of species | Well-being, socioeconomic |
| b) Water supply (for irrigating, drinking, and bathing) | Provision of fresh water for irrigation, livestock, and domestic uses from both sites | Quality and volume of water | Socioeconomic, well-being |
| c) Animal fodder and grazing | Fodder and grazing provision from grasses including Typha sp., by-products of cultivated crops | Amount and number of species | Socioeconomic |
| d) Thatching and crafting materials | Provision of thatch grasses for house roofs and Typha sp., Eleusine sp. and Pennisetum sp. for making house utensils, decoration and mattresses | Amount and quality of grass types | Socio-economic, well-being |
| e) Construction materials and firewood | Provision of firewood and house construction materials from Eucalyptus globules, Cupressus lusitanica and Buddleja sp. growing in catchments |
| Amount and quality of wood and its products | Socioeconomic, |
| Well-being |
| f) Medicinal plants | Medicinal plants such as E. globules, Rumex nepalensis, Inula sp., Verbascum sinaiticum, Echinops kebeircho for pharmaceutical and drug production | Species types and amount of medicinal parts | Health well-being |
|
| Cultural services |
| a) Recreation and ecotourism | Wetlands’ green sites, water, towers, and birds used for recreational activities and ecotourism opportunities | Number of visitors and visual quality of sites | Socioeconomic |
| b) Research services | Serving as being study area for graduate students and scholars | Researchable issues (water quality, flora fauna, ecological status) | Socioeconomic |
| c) Educational services | Informal and formal education/training opportunities | Number of students/trainees visited | Socioeconomic |
|
| Regulating services |
| a) Water regulation | The vegetation of wetlands and reservoirs regulate the water flow, runoff, and flooding, thereby recharging ground and surface water, discharging water throughout the year (for drinking and irrigation) | Continuous water flow, low runoff/flooding downstream, water quality and quantity | Environmental conservation, well-being |
| b) Soil erosion regulation | Vegetation cover prevents sheet, gully, and wind erosion | Vegetation coverage | Environmental management |
| c) Microclimate regulation and carbon sequestration | Vegetation and water surface regulate the microclimate (rainfall and temperature) via evapotranspiration and sequestrate carbon being sunk | Less temperature fluctuation and pollution | Well-being |
| d) Water purification and disease control | Wetland vegetation and macro-& microorganisms use to purify waste and polluted water via digesting and absorbing them as food, thereby regulating diseases | Clean water discharging from wetlands | Well-being, environmental management |
| e) Sediment regulation | The vegetation and reservoirs facilitate the deposition of silts in wetlands, thereby preventing sedimentation and flooding of downstream | Silt accumulation | Environmental management |
|
| Supporting services |
| a) Habitat service | Habitat for phytoplankton and zooplanktons, wild animals, mainly birds, and vascular plants | Number and volume of wild fauna and flora | Biodiversity conservation |
| b) Nursery service | Reproduction and growth place for wild animals, including birds, fish, and zooplanktons, and wild flora | Number and cover of young animals, seedlings | Regeneration management |
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