Abstract
This paper is concerned with analytical solution of one-dimensional unsteady laminar boundary layer MHD flow of a viscous incompressible fluid past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate in presence of transverse magnetic field. The vertical plate and the medium of flow are considered to be porous. The fluid is assumed to be optically thin and the magnetic Reynolds number is considered small enough to neglect the induced hydromagnetic effects. The governing boundary layer equations are first converted to dimensionless form and then solved by Laplace transform technique. Numerical values of transient velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Nusselt number are illustrated and are presented in graphs for various sets of physical parametric values, namely, Grashof number, accelerating parameter, suction parameter, permeability parameter, radiation parameter, magnetic parameter, and time. It is found that the velocity decreases with increases of the suction parameter for both cases of cooling and heating of the porous plate whereas skin friction increases with increase of suction parameter.
1. Introduction
The study of unsteady natural convective flow of viscous incompressible fluid past vertical bodies has wide engineering and technological applications. When free convection flows occurs at high temperature, the effects of radiation are vital important. Thermal radiation is key to many fundamental phenomena surrounding us, from solar radiation to fire incandescent lamp, and has played a major role in combustion and furnace design, design of fins, nuclear power plants, cooling of towers, gas turbines and various propulsion device for aircraft, energy utilization, temperature measurements, remote sensing for astronomy, and space exploration.
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat and mass transfer processes occur in many industrial applications such as the geothermal system, aerodynamic processes, chemical catalytic reactors and processes, electromagnetic pumps, and MHD power generators. Many studies have been carried out to investigate the magnetohydrodynamic transient free convective flow. Gupta [1] first studied transient free convection of an electrically conducting fluid from a vertical plate in the presence of magnetic field. Free convection effects on flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate was studied by Singh and Kumar [2]. Jha et al. [3] analyzed mass transfer effects on exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate with constant heat flux and uniform mass diffusion. Muthucumaraswamy et al. [4] studied the flow past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate in the presence of variable surface temperature. Again Muthucumaraswamy et al. [5] analysed the combined effects of heat and mass transfer on exponentially accelerated vertical plate in presence of uniform magnetic field. Rajesh et al. [6] presented the analytic investigation of radiation and mass transfer effects on MHD free convection flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate in the presence of variable mass diffusion. Rajesh and Chamkha [7] presented numerical solution to study the unsteady convective flow past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical porous plate with Newtonian heating and viscous dissipation by Galerkin finite element method. They have found that the skin friction coefficient increases with increases in either of the Eckert number. Recently, Srinivasa et al. [8] presented both numerical and analytical solutions to study the effect of chemical reaction on unsteady, incompressible, viscous flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate with heat absorption and variable temperature in a magnetic field.
In recent years convective heat transfer in porous media has attracted considerable attention owing to its wide industrial and technological applications such as geothermal energy recovery, oil extraction, fibre and granular insulation, electronic system cooling, and porous material regenerative heat exchangers. Gupta et al. [9] have studied free convection on flow past an accelerated vertical plate in the presence of viscous dissipative heat using perturbation method. Kafousias and Raptis [10] extended their (Gupta et al. [9]) work by including mass transfer effects subjected to variable suction or injection. Transient free convection flow past a plate embedded in a porous medium pioneered by Ping and Pop [11]. Jha [12] presented analytic investigation of uniform transverse magnetic field effect on the free-convection and mass-transform flow of an electrically conducting fluid past an infinite vertical plate for uniformly accelerated motion of the plate through a porous medium. Magyari et al. [13] have presented an analytical solution for unsteady free convection in porous media. Chaudhary and Jain [14–16] and Chaudhary et al. [17] analyzed MHD transient free convection effects on flow past a moving vertical plate embedded in porous medium under different physical situations by employing Laplace transform technique. Rajesh [18] presented an analytic investigation of MHD free convection flow past an accelerated vertical porous plate with variable temperature through a porous medium. Again Rajesh et al. [19] studied the transient free convection MHD flow and heat transfer of nanofluid past an impulsively started vertical porous plate in the presence of viscous dissipation. Recently, Ibrahim [20] studied the effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and chemical reaction on unsteady two-dimensional boundary layer MHD flow over a nonisothermal stretching sheet embedded in porous medium.
However, to the best of authors’ knowledge, MHD free convective flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical porous plate with variable temperature through a porous medium was never considered in the literature. The objective of this paper is to study magnetohydrodynamic transient heat transfer flow past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical porous plate with variable temperature and the plate is embedded in a porous medium. The exact solutions of the dimensionless unsteady linear governing equations are obtained by Laplace transform technique.
2. Mathematical Analysis
An unsteady one-dimensional laminar free convective flow of a viscous incompressible fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate through a porous medium with variable temperature is considered. The -axis is being taken vertically upwards along the vertical plate and -axis is taken to be normal to the plate. The physical model and coordinate system of the flow problem is shown in Figure 1. Initially, it is assumed that the plate and fluid are at the same temperature in the stationary condition. At , the plate is exponentially accelerated with a velocity in its own plane and the plate temperature is raised linearly with time . A uniform magnetic field is applied in the direction perpendicular to the plate. The fluid is assumed to be slightly conducting, so that the magnetic Reynolds number is much less than unity and hence the induced magnetic field is negligible in comparison with the applied magnetic field. The fluid considered here is a gray, absorbing/emitting radiation but a nonscattering medium. The viscous dissipation is also assumed to be negligible in the energy equation as the motion is due to free convection only. It is also assumed that all the fluid properties are constant except for the density in the buoyancy term, which is given by the usual Boussinesq’s approximation. Under these assumptions the governing boundary layer equations are with the following initial and boundary conditions:where .
The local radiant for the case of an optically thin gray gas is expressed by
We assume that the temperature differences within the flow are sufficiently small such that may be expressed as a linear function of the temperature. This is accomplished by expanding in a Taylor series about and neglecting higher-order terms; thusBy using (4) and (5), (2) gives
In order to write the governing equations, initial and boundary conditions in dimensionless form, the following nondimensional quantities are introduced:In view of (7), the governing equations (1) and (6) reduce to the following nondimensional form:with following initial and boundary conditions:All physical variables and parameters are mentioned in nomenclature.
3. Solution Technique
To solve the unsteady equations (8) and (9) subject to initial and boundary conditions (10), we apply Laplace transform technique for the case unit Parndtl number.
Laplace transforms of (8) and (9) give rise towhere p is the Laplace transformation parameter and & are the Laplace transform of U & T, respectively.
Solutions of (11) and (12) subject to initial and boundary conditions (10) giveInverse Laplace transforms of (13) and (14), respectively, give the velocity and temperature profiles as
Knowing the velocity and temperature field, it is very interesting to study the skin friction and Nusselt number. In nondimensional form the skin friction and Nusselt number are defined, respectively, as follows:
3.1. Skin Friction
Expression of the skin-friction is obtained from (15) as
3.2. Nusselt Number
Expression of Nusselt number Nu is obtained from (16) aswhere .
4. Results and Discussion
In order to get an insight into the physical solution of the problem, the numerical computations of velocity profile, temperature profile, skin friction, and Nusselt number are obtained for different values of magnetic field parameter , Grashof numbers Gr, accelerating parameter , suction parameter , permeability parameter , radiation parameter , and time and presented graphically in Figures 2–14.
The transient velocity profiles for different values of Grashof number at , , , , , and are shown in Figure 2. The Grashof number signifies the relative effect of the buoyancy force to the hydrodynamic viscous force. The positive values of Gr correspond to cooling of the plate and the negative values of Gr correspond to heating of the plate by free convection. As expected, it is found that an increase in the Grashof number leads to increase the velocity due to enhancement in the buoyancy force.
The transient velocity profiles for different values of Magnetic parameter at Gr = & 8, , , , , and are shown in Figure 3. It is observed from the figure that an increase in magnetic field leads to decrease in the velocity field for both the cases of cooling and heating of the porous plate. It is because that the application of transverse magnetic field will result a resistive type force (Lorentz force) similar to drag force which tends to resist the fluid flow and thus reducing its velocity.
The effects of suction parameter on velocity profiles at Gr = & 8, , , , , and are shown in Figure 4. It is found here that velocity decreases with increases of the suction parameter for both cases of cooling and heating of the porous plate. The effects of permeability parameter and time on velocity profiles at Gr = 5, , , , and are depicted in Figure 5. It can be seen that velocity increases with increase of permeability parameter or time.
The transient velocity profiles for different values of accelerating parameter and radiation parameter at Gr = 8, , , , and are plotted in Figure 6. It is observed that velocity decreases with an increase in radiation parameter but decreases with increase in accelerating parameter. Effects of radiation parameter , suction parameter , and time on temperature profiles are shown in Figures 7, 8, and 9, respectively. It is observed from these figures that temperature decreases with increased values of radiation parameter or suction parameter but increases with increased values of time.
Effect of Grashof number Gr on skin friction is presented in Figure 10. It is observed from the figure that skin friction decreases with increase of Grashof number. In case of cooling, the plate skin friction decreases continuously with time whereas in case of heating the plate though initially it decreases, but after certain time it tends to increase with increase of time. Effect of accelerating parameter on skin friction is presented in Figure 11 at Gr = and 5, , , , and . It is observed that skin friction increases with an increase of accelerating parameter a for both the cases of cooling and heating of the porous plate.
Figure 12 shows the effects of magnetic parameter and permeability parameter at Gr = 5, , , and and it is observed that skin friction increases with increase in magnetic parameter but decreases with increase in permeability parameter. Effects of radiation parameter and suction parameter on skin friction at Gr = 5, , , and are depicted in Figure 13 and it can be seen that skin friction increases with increase of radiation parameter or suction parameter.
The Nusselt number for different values radiation parameter and suction parameter are shown in Figure 14. The rate of heat transfer increases with increase of radiation parameter or suction parameter.
5. Conclusions
The analytical study on unsteady one-dimensional natural convective MHD flow of a viscous incompressible and electrically conducting fluid past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical porous plate through a porous medium with variable temperature is presented. The exact solutions of the dimensionless governing boundary layer equations are obtained by Laplace transform technique. On the basis of the observations, results, and discussions the conclusions of the present study are as follows:(1)Velocity increases with increase in Gr or or or but decreases with increase in or or .(2)Temperature increases with increase in but decreases with increase in or .(3)Skin friction increases with increase in or or or but decreases with increase in Gr or .(4)Rate of heat transfer increases with increase in or .
Nomenclature
| : | Accelerating parameter |
| : | Dimensionless accelerating parameter |
| : | Absorption coefficient |
| : | Specific heat at constant pressure |
| : | Transverse magnetic field strength |
| Gr: | Grashof number |
| : | Acceleration due to gravity |
| : | Thermal conductivity of the fluid |
| : | Permeability parameter |
| : | Dimensionless permeability parameter |
| : | Magnetic field parameter |
| Nu: | Nusselt number |
| Pr: | Prandtl number |
| : | Radiative heat flux in the direction |
| : | Radiation parameter |
| : | Time |
| : | Dimensionless time |
| : | Temperature |
| : | Dimensionless temperature |
| : | Temperature of the plate |
| : | Temperature of the fluid far away from the plate |
| : | -component of velocity |
| : | Velocity of the plate |
| : | Dimensionless velocity |
| : | -component of velocity |
| : | Coordinate axis normal to the plate |
| : | Dimensionless coordinate axis normal to the plate. |
| : | Volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion |
| : | Suction parameter |
| : | Kinematic viscosity |
| : | Fluid density |
| : | Electrical conductivity of fluid. |
Competing Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.