Enhanced Photovoltaic Properties of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells through Ammonium Hydroxide-Modified (Nitrogen-Doped) Titania Photoanodes

Table 2

Comparison of the PCEs of N-doped P25-TiO₂ photoanode-based devices.

Doping method and N source	Device active area (cm^-2)	Dye	Additional modification	Counter electrode	PCE, (%)	Ref.
Grinding P25-TiO2 and urea for 30 min in a mortar and annealing at 400°C for 1 hr	0.50	N719	—	Pt	2.93	[47]
Grinding P25-TiO2 and thiourea for 30 min in a mortar and annealing at 400°C for 1 hr	0.50	N719	(i) N codoped with S	Pt	3.35	[48]
Sol-gel process with electrospinning	0.25	N719	(i) N-doped TiO2 nanofiber photoanode	Pt	4.70	[27]
Sol-gel process	0.25		—	Pt	4.86	[18]
Ball milling method (urea as N source)	0.16	N3	—	Pt	6.71	[49]
Wet method	0.16	N719	(i) Use of screen-printing technique to fabricate TiO2 film; (ii) TiCl4 treatment; (iii) Nanostructured photoanode	Pt	7.27	[28]
Wet method	0.16	N719	(i) Use of screen-printing technique to fabricate TiO2 film; (ii) TiCl4 treatment	Pt	8.32	[25]
Sintering P25-TiO2 at 500°C for 3 h under dry N2 and NH3 gas flow	0.16	N719	(i) A screen-printing technique was used to fabricate the TiO2 films; (ii) TiCl4 treatment; (iii) Modified electrolyte used	Pt	8.00	[50]
Solid-state reaction method (NH4OH as N source)	0.25	N719	—	Pt	6.16	This work