Untethered Nanotextured Thermopneumatic Soft Actuators Operable with Different Stimuli: Thermal Blowing, Infrared Light, and Electromagnetic Field

<div>(a) Specific heat required to increase the temperature of each fluid from 25°C to its boiling point (orange). The panel also lists the boiling point of each fluid. Latent heat generated by fluid evaporation (cyan). (b) Change in the vapor pressure of two volatile fluids with the temperature.</div>

International Journal of Energy Research

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Figure 2: Untethered Nanotextured Thermopneumatic Soft Actuators Operable with Different Stimuli: Thermal Blowing, Infrared Light, and Electromagnetic Field 

Figure 2 | Untethered Nanotextured Thermopneumatic Soft Actuators Operable with Different Stimuli: Thermal Blowing, Infrared Light, and Electromagnetic Field 