Untethered Nanotextured Thermopneumatic Soft Actuators Operable with Different Stimuli: Thermal Blowing, Infrared Light, and Electromagnetic Field

Figure 6

Movements of the UTPSA-based crawler: (a) initial straightened state, (b) crouched state, and (c) straightened state after moving forward. The travel distance of the crawler under different wireless stimuli: (d) thermal blowing, (e) infrared light, and (f) electromagnetic field.