Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Solid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil: Kinetic Study and Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

Table 5

Comparison of the present CaO-ZrO₂ catalyst for the conversion of JCO to FAME with previously reported solid acid catalysts.

Entry	Catalyst	Conditions^a	TOF^b (mol g^−1 h^−1)	FFA^c content (wt%)	Biodiesel yield (%)	Ref.
1.	KSF clay and Amberlyst 15	12 : 1, 5, 160, 6	0.0025	6.5	70	[38]
2.	CaLaO	21 : 1, 1, 240, 10^d	0.6458	NA^e	93	[3]
3.	MPD-SO3H-IL^f	50 : 1, 6, 160, 8	0.0022	8	94	[32]
4.	ZrO2–Al2O3	9 : 1, 7.61, 150, 4	0.0032	NA	90.32	[39, 40]
5.	CaSO4/Fe2O3-SiO2	9 : 1, 12, 120, 4	0.0022	NA	94	[41]
6.	SO4^2−/ZrO2@Al2O3	8 : 1, 8, 150, 3	0.0036	NA	78.3	[40]
7.	SO4^2−/SnO2–SiO2	15 : 1, 3, 180, 2	0.0179	8.14	97	[42]
8.	AC-600- SO3H@Fe/C^g	25 : 1, 10, 200, 5	0.0020	8.64	90.5	[43]
9.	Zn8@FeeC400	40 : 1, 7, 160, 4	0.0038	6.43	98	[45]
10.	C-SO3H@Fe/JH^h	12 : 1, 10, 80, 1.5	0.0072	NA	96.7	[45]
11.	MgZnAlO	11 : 1, 8, 182, 6	0.0021	NA	94	[46]
12.	CaO-ZrO2	20 : 1, 6, 90, 1.5	0.0118	7.84	97.12	Present work

^aMeOH : JCO molar ratio, catalyst loading (wt%), temperature (°C), and time (h). ^bTurnover frequency. ^cFree fatty acid. ^dMinutes. ^eNot available. ^fMPD-SO₃H-IL: mesoporous polymer-sulfonic acid-ionic liquid. ^gAC: activated carbon. ^hJH: Jatropha hull.