A Review of Membrane Electrode Assemblies for the Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyser: Perspective on Activity and Stability

Table 1

Comparison of the three main low-temperature electrolyser technologies.

Electrolyser →	AEMWE	PEMWE	AWE
Circulating electrolyte	0.1-1.0 M KOH [18, 19]	Deionised water [7]	4.5-8.0 M KOH [18, 19]
Current density (A cm^–2)	1-2 [18, 19]	1-3 [7, 19]	0.2-0.8 [19]
Cell voltage (V)	1.4-2.0 [18, 19, 20]	1.4-2.3 [7, 21]	1.4-3.0 [19]
Temperature (°C)	60-80 [18, 19]	50-90 [7]	80-120 [22]
Anode (OER)	NiFeOx [22]	IrO2 [7, 22]	Ni, Ni-Co [22]
Cathode (HER)	NiCo [22]	Pt/C [7, 22]	Ni, Ni-Mo [22]
Efficiency (LHV%)	52-75 [19, 23]	50-68 [19]	50-68 [19]
Maturity	kW—small commercial units	MW—large commercial units	MW—mature
Stack life (yr)	>5000 [19]	20 000-90 000	>90 000
Cost (stack) (€ kW^–1)	320-1000 (1-10 MW) [24, 25]	360-900 (1-10 MW) [19, 25]	240-600 (1-10 MW) [19, 25]
Degradation rate (μV h^–1)	5-1000 [18]	5-200 [26, 27]	5-20 [28, 29]

Some of these values have been calculated to euros based of 1 USD ≈0.91 EUR.